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3 Anatomy > Anatomy of Space Occupying Lesions > Flashcards

Anatomy of Space Occupying Lesions Flashcards

1
Q

define space occupying lesion

A

abnormal tissue in the brain that is taking up space

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2
Q

2 types of space occupying lesion and an example of each

A

acute eg brain bleed

subacute eg brain tumour

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3
Q

describe the monroe kellie hypothesis

A

small increase in ICP will increase intracranial volume massively

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4
Q

name the 5 layers of the scalp

A 
Skin
Connective tissue (contains blood supply to scalp)
Aponeurosis
Loose connective tissue
Pericranium
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5
Q

which arteries anastamose to supply the scalp

A

external carotid and internal carotid arteries

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6
Q

why does a scalp laceration bleed so much

A

anastamosis of muscle holds wound open

rich blood supply to the scalp

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7
Q

thinnest layer of the scalp?

A

loose connective tissue

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8
Q

what is a periosteum?

A

outer layer of bone responsible for bone formation

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9
Q

how many bones are in the skull?

A

23

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10
Q

why do sutures exist in the skull?

A

help prevent skull fractures from spreading

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11
Q

what artery exists under the pterion?

A

middle meningeal artery

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12
Q

start and end point of anterior cranial fossa?

A

frontal

lesser wings of sphenoid

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13
Q

start and end point of middle cranial fossa?

A

lesser wings of sphenoid

petrous part of temporal bone

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14
Q

start and end point of posterior cranial fossa

A

petrous part of temporal bone

occipital bone

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15
Q

sensory nerve supply to dura mater?

A

CN V

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16
Q

role of the arachnoid granulations in the arachnoid mater?

A

reabsorb CSF

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17
Q

name the 2 layers of the dura mater and their anatomical relations

A 
periosteal layer (closest to bone)
meningeal layer (under the dural venous sinus - closest to arachnoid mater)
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18
Q

what action causes pain in meningitis?

A

stretching of the dura mater

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19
Q

smallest fold of dura? where is it located?

A

diaphragm sellae

middle cranial fossa

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20
Q

the diaphragm sellae is located immediately superior to…

A

the sella turcica

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21
Q

what does the tentorium cerebelli attach to?

A

ridges of the petrous temporal bones

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22
Q

why is there a gap in the tentorium cerebellae have a gap in it?

A

to allow the brainstem to pass through

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23
Q

where is the falx cerebri located?

A

between the cerebral hemispheres in the midline

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24
Q

anterior and posterior attachments of the falx cerebri?

A

crista galli of ethmoid anteriorly

internal occipital protuberance of the occipital bone posteriorly

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25
Q

which veins are located in the falx cerebri?

A

superior and inferior sagittal sinus

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26
Q

where do the dural venous sinuses (Esp the sagittal sinuses) join?

A

the confluence of sinuses

27
Q

what does the confluence of sinuses drain into?

A

the right/left sigmoid sinus

28
Q

what do the sigmoid sinuses become and at what anatomical location?

A

the internal jugular vein at the jugular foramen

29
Q

where is the danger triangle of the brain?

A

front of the face from the forehead down to the top lip

30
Q

why is the danger triangle called this?

A

possible route for infection as no valves so an infection can spread to the cavernous sinus eg by squeezing a spot

31
Q

cerebral veins are mini branches off of what sinuses?

A

the sagittal sinuses (superior and inferior)

32
Q

what do cerebral veins do?

A

drain venous blood into dural venous sinuses

33
Q

the right posterior cerebral artery supplies…

A

the posterior aspect of the right cerebral hemisphere

34
Q

middle cerebral arteries are a branch of…

A

the internal carotid arteries

35
Q

anterior cerebral arteries supply…

A

the medial aspect of the cerebral hemispheres

36
Q

he posterior cerebral arteries supply..

A

the posterior aspect of the cerebral hemispheres (1 for each side)

37
Q

what do the posterior communicating arteries communicate with?

A

internal carotid arteries

38
Q

middle cerebral arteries supply?

A

the lateral aspect of the cerebral hemispheres

39
Q

opthalmic artery is a branch of…

A

internal carotid artery

40
Q

the circle of willis is contained in what meningeal layer?

A

subarachnoid space

41
Q

subarachnoid space terminates at…

A

S2

42
Q

spinal cord ends at…

A

L2

43
Q

the anterior cerebral artery is a branch of..

A

internal carotid artery

44
Q

what branch comes off the anterior cerebral artery?

A

anterior communicating artery

45
Q

the central canal of the spinal cord is continuous with the __ ventricle

A

4th

46
Q

excessive production, obstruction or adequate reabsorption of flow leading to increased CSF volume is defined as…

A

hydrocephalus

47
Q

Tx of hydrocephalus

A

ventricular peroneal shunt

48
Q

the lateral ventricles are contained in which lobe?

A

parietal lobe on either side

49
Q

the middle meningeal artery is contained between what layers?

A

bone and dura

50
Q

cerebral veins transverse what layers? why?

A

arachnoid mater and dura to get to the dural venous sinuses

51
Q

3 types of haemorrhage

A

extradural
subdural (below dura)
subarachnoid (bleed into subarachnoid space)

52
Q

CSF with blood in it suggests a __ haemorrhage

A

subarachnoid

53
Q

a subdural haemorrhage will be a result of damage to what veins?

A

cerebral

54
Q

an extradural haemorrhage will be a result of damage to what vessel?

A

middle meningeal artery

55
Q

first ligaments reached by an epidural catheter from superficial to deep

A

supraspinous ligament
interspinous ligament
ligamentum flavum

56
Q

how can an epidural haematoma be caused by an epidural anaesthetic?

A

damaging the extradural venous plexus which will compress the spinal cord

57
Q

a lumbar puncture’s final destination is…

A

subarachnoid space

58
Q

why is L3/4 used for anaesthesia/samples?

A
  1. spinal cord has ended and cauda equina is less easily damaged
  2. vertebrae haven’t fused yet unlike in the sacral/coccygeal region
59
Q

R or L cerebral hemisphere herniates under the falx cerebri is an example of what kind of herniation?

A

cingulate herniation

60
Q

what happens in uncal herniation

A

the medial part (uncus) of the temporal lobe herniates inferior to the tentorium cerebelli

61
Q

which type of herniation involves a herniation through a defect eg fracture

A

transcalvarial

62
Q

a downward cerebellar herniation would herniate through…

A

the foramen magnum

63
Q

what type of herniation can cause a “blown” (ipsilateral fixed dilated pupil) and why?

A

uncal

compresses the oculomotor nerve

3 Anatomy (20 decks)

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