Clearences Flashcards
When are clearances issued?
Issued by ATC units as necessary to prevent collisions and expedite and maintain an orderly flow of air traffic.
How does a Pilot request a clearance?
By issuing a flight plan from which clearances can be requested for the whole journey or parts of
How are clearances issued to the pilot ?
Directly to the pilot via RTF, or data link.
Or relayed via another ATS unit, aircraft or the aircraft operator.
What is contained within a clearance?
Aircraft Identification as per FPL Clearance Limit Point Route Level(s) of flight for entire route, or portion of route and changes to levels Frequencies Manoeuvres Expiry Time
What is included in a clearance issued for a SID?
Aircraft Identifier Clearance limit SID Designator Initial Level unless included in SID Squawk Code
What is a Clearance Limit Point?
The point to which an aircraft is granted an ATC clearance, this can be a significant point, aerodrome or a controlled airspace boundary.
What are the three active clearance commands?
Enter, Leave or Join controlled airspace
How is a amendment to a clearance issued?
A new clearance is issued in full, must be read back. This cancels any previous clearance and restrictions.
What is an ATC instruction?
A directive issued by air traffic control for the purpose of requiring a pilot to take a specific action.
Define holding fix:
A geographical location that serves as a reference for a holding procedure
Define holding procedure:
A predetermined manoeuvre which keeps an aircraft within a specified airspace while awaiting further clearance.
Where are published holds typically located?
Overhead a VOR(/DME), NDB
Defined distance on a defined VOR radial
An intersection of VOR radials or NDB bearings
What is the distinction between published and non-published holds?
Published holds have established procedures published in AIPs
Non-published are ATCU designated holds that are created tactically.
List the parts of a hold:
Hold fix Fix end Outbound Outbound end Inbound
What are the hold dimensions?
1.5 minutes legvFL150 or above
1 minute leg FL140 or below
Rate of turn 3° per second or bank angle of 25°
2 min leg if extended
List the three hold entry procedures and their corresponding sectors:
Parallel entry - Secotor 1 (Top left)
Offset entry - Sector 2 (Bottom left) 30°
Direct entry - Sector 3 (Right)
List the hold limiters:
Limiting outbound DME distance
Limiting radial
What are the hold seperation mínima?
1000ft or 2000ft to accommodate high terrain
Buffer of 5nm around hold
What factors affect holds?
Speed Level Navigation Aid Turbulence Wind
Define EAT:
Expected approach times
The time at which ATC expects that an arriving aircraft following a delay will leave the holding fix to complete its approach.
What happens if there is radio failure in a hold?
Squawk 7600
Depart at last acknowledged time
What are VRPs?
Visual reference points
Used to route VFR traffic and intergrate with IFRs
Points are easily identifiable landmarks within controlled airspace that are used to create holds.
List the holding speeds:
Levels. Normal Turbulant FL340+ - M.83. M.83 200-340 265 280 140-200 240. 280 SFC-140 230/170. 280/170 (catA/B)
