Clearences

Question 1

When are clearances issued?

Answer 1

Issued by ATC units as necessary to prevent collisions and expedite and maintain an orderly flow of air traffic.

Question 2

How does a Pilot request a clearance?

Answer 2

By issuing a flight plan from which clearances can be requested for the whole journey or parts of

Question 3

How are clearances issued to the pilot ?

Answer 3

Directly to the pilot via RTF, or data link.

Or relayed via another ATS unit, aircraft or the aircraft operator.

Question 4

What is contained within a clearance?

Answer 4

Aircraft Identification as per FPL	
Clearance Limit Point
Route
Level(s) of flight for entire route, or portion of route and changes to levels 
Frequencies
Manoeuvres 
Expiry Time

Question 5

What is included in a clearance issued for a SID?

Answer 5

Aircraft Identifier
Clearance limit
SID Designator 
Initial Level unless included in SID
Squawk Code

Question 6

What is a Clearance Limit Point?

Answer 6

The point to which an aircraft is granted an ATC clearance, this can be a significant point, aerodrome or a controlled airspace boundary.

Question 7

What are the three active clearance commands?

Answer 7

Enter, Leave or Join controlled airspace

Question 8

How is a amendment to a clearance issued?

Answer 8

A new clearance is issued in full, must be read back. This cancels any previous clearance and restrictions.

Question 9

What is an ATC instruction?

Answer 9

A directive issued by air traffic control for the purpose of requiring a pilot to take a specific action.

Question 10

Define holding fix:

Answer 10

A geographical location that serves as a reference for a holding procedure

Question 11

Define holding procedure:

Answer 11

A predetermined manoeuvre which keeps an aircraft within a specified airspace while awaiting further clearance.

Question 12

Where are published holds typically located?

Answer 12

Overhead a VOR(/DME), NDB
Defined distance on a defined VOR radial
An intersection of VOR radials or NDB bearings

Question 13

What is the distinction between published and non-published holds?

Answer 13

Published holds have established procedures published in AIPs
Non-published are ATCU designated holds that are created tactically.

Question 14

List the parts of a hold:

Answer 14

Hold fix
Fix end
Outbound
Outbound end
Inbound

Question 15

What are the hold dimensions?

Answer 15

1.5 minutes legvFL150 or above
1 minute leg FL140 or below
Rate of turn 3° per second or bank angle of 25°
2 min leg if extended

Question 16

List the three hold entry procedures and their corresponding sectors:

Answer 16

Parallel entry - Secotor 1 (Top left)
Offset entry - Sector 2 (Bottom left) 30°
Direct entry - Sector 3 (Right)

Question 17

List the hold limiters:

Answer 17

Limiting outbound DME distance

Limiting radial

Question 18

What are the hold seperation mínima?

Answer 18

1000ft or 2000ft to accommodate high terrain

Buffer of 5nm around hold

Question 19

What factors affect holds?

Answer 19

Speed
Level
Navigation Aid
Turbulence
Wind

Question 20

Define EAT:

Answer 20

Expected approach times
The time at which ATC expects that an arriving aircraft following a delay will leave the holding fix to complete its approach.

Question 21

What happens if there is radio failure in a hold?

Answer 21

Squawk 7600

Depart at last acknowledged time

Question 22

What are VRPs?

Answer 22

Visual reference points
Used to route VFR traffic and intergrate with IFRs
Points are easily identifiable landmarks within controlled airspace that are used to create holds.

Question 23

List the holding speeds:

Answer 23

Levels.    Normal   Turbulant
FL340+ - M.83.       M.83
200-340    265       280
140-200    240.      280
SFC-140 230/170. 280/170 (catA/B)