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Basic > Aircraft Instruments > Flashcards

Aircraft Instruments Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the four-stroke cycle of a piston engine:

A

Intake - air and vaporised fuel is drawn in
Compression - compressed and ignited
Combustion - combust driving piston down
Exhaust - gases expelled

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2
Q

List the parts of a propeller:

A 
Tip
Trailing edge
Leading edge
Root
Hub
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3
Q

What are the advantages of a piston engine?

A 
Protected
Easy to maintain
Rapid change in rpm
Cheap
Common in training
Short take off and landing runs
Slow approach speeds
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4
Q

What are the disadvantages of a piston engine?

A 
Less economical
More fuel wieght
Wear and tear from engine vibration
Expensive fuel
Low ceiling
Noisy
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5
Q

How do jet engines work?

A

Air flows in, is compressed, combusted and passes through the turbine upon expulsion.
This discharge is a fast moving jet of fluid that generated thrust.

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6
Q

List the types of turbojet:

A

Turbofan
Turboshaft
Ramjet

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7
Q

What are the advantages of a jet engine?

A 
Low vibration and noise
Higher cruise ceiling
Better performance
Lighter
Cheaper fuel
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8
Q

What are the disadvantages of a jet engine?

A

Set up cost
Delay in engine take up
Higher temperature and pressure stresses
High approach speeds and manoeuvre limitations at low levels.

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9
Q

What is a turboprop engine?

A

A turbojet engine with a propeller attached to the turbine.

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10
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of a turboprop engine?

A 
Advantages:
Quieter
Efficient for commuter trips, e.i. Short field performance.
Disadvantages:
Low cruise level
Expensive to manufacturer
High frontal area - more drag.
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11
Q

What is an attitude indicator?

A

A gyroscopic instrument that indicates the pitch and angle of bank.
Allows for horizon reference in the absence of.

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12
Q

How is power supplied to gyros?

A

Electric motor or suction pump to create airflow.

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13
Q

What intervals does an AI measure in?

A

5 degree pitch intervals

10,20,30 and 45 degree bank marks.

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14
Q

How does an airspeed indicator work?

A

Airflows in to a pitot tube, where dynamic pressure is measured by removing static pressure from the static vent.

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15
Q

Hwo does an altimeter work?

A

Senses static pressure from static vent, located on side of the fuselage, which is used to measure the difference from the datum pressure and display the relative altitude.

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16
Q

How does a vertical speed indicator work?

A

Measures the rate of change of static pressure, which is displayed as feet per minute.

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17
Q

How does a turn and slip indicator?

A

Gyro measures rate of turn at rate 1,2,3 at 3, 6,12 degrees per second.
Inclinometer measures balance.

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18
Q

How does a direction indicator work?

A

Gyroscope that measures compass points via the aircraft’s horizontal plane.
Must be aligned with compass.

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19
Q

List flight instruments and their acronyms:

A

Radio magnetic indicator - RMI
Horizontal Situation Indicator - HSI
Attitude Indicator - AI
Electronic Flight Information System - EFIS
Primary Flight Display - PFD
Multifunction Display - MFD
Engine Information Crew Alerting System - EICAS

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20
Q

How is direction finding carried out?

A

ADF obtains bearings from NDB.
RMI displays the magnetic bearing from the aircraft.
Can be used for non-precision approach.
RMI can work with any two NDB or VORS

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21
Q

What does a DME indicator display?

A

Distance in nautical miles, ground speed in knots, time to station.
Establishing its range to the ground control.

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22
Q

How is ILS indicated on board?

A

Glidepath set, needle will indicate that flight is above or below.
Localiser set, needle will indicate that flight is port or starboard of.

23
Q

What is a MLS?

A

Microwave landing system.

Functions similar to ILS using HSI wiich enables straight and curved approaches.

24
Q

What onboard systems are used in En-route navigation?

A

INS
GPS
RNAV

25
Q

How is En-route navigation processed?

A

Navigation aid fed into flight management system, crew input route data, flight director or autopilot navigate.

26
Q

What are the factors affecting aircraft during take-off?

A

Runway conditions
Wind
Air density
Aircraft weight

27
Q

What are the factors affecting aircraft during climb?

A 
Aircraft weight
Altitude
Wind
Temperature
Air density
28
Q

What are the factors affecting an aircraft during cruise?

A 
Aircraft weight
Speed
Altitude
Wind
Temperature
29
Q

What are the factors affecting aircraft during descent and initial approach?

A

Aircraft weight
Speed and rates of descent
Aircraft configuration
Wind

30
Q

What factors affect aircraft during final approach and landing?

A 
Aircraft configuration
Weight
Wind
Air density
Runway conditions
31
Q

At what FL is fuel burnt less?

A

Higher FL

32
Q

What ecological factors affect aircraft performance?

A

Fuel Jettisoning

Noise abatement Procedures

33
Q

How can environmental impact be reduced?

A

More continuous climb and descent
Direct routing
Reducing holding
Cruising at higher FL

34
Q

What are the pros and cons of analogue instruments?

A 
Pros:
Easy to read
Rapid changes are easily detected
Trends are easily noticed
Better situational awareness during rapid changes
Cons:
Innaccurate
Minor changes are difficult to detect
Mechanical error
35
Q

What are the pros and cons of digital instruments?

A

Pros:
Accuracy
Minor fluctuations easily detected
Cons:
Poor situational awareness during rapid changes
Some displays are difficult to read in bright light

36
Q

What information is displayed on engine instruments?

A

Fuel quantity, flow, pressure and temperature
Oil quantity, pressure and temperature
Engine power and limitations
Electrical power

37
Q

What might be indicated if fuel is lower than expected?

A

Blocked fuel line
Fuel leak
Imminent fuel starvation

38
Q

What is engine pressure ratio?

A

The ratio of pressure difference between the front and the rear of the engine.
Should be highest at the rear.

39
Q

What is the limiting factor of a gas turbine engine?

What are it’s limits?

A

Exhaust gas temperature
No lower limits
Mac upper limit 800°C above which the turbine melts

40
Q

What other services are driven by the engine?

A

Electical
Hydraulic
Cabin pressurisation and air conditioning

41
Q

How is aircraft electical power generated and what happens if it fails?

A

Generator or alternator

If fails reduces electrical services, might rely on battery power

42
Q

What Hydraulic back ups are there?

A

Hand operated pump
Ram Air Turbine (RAT)
Nitrogen Blow Down Canister

43
Q

What is EGPWS?

A

Enhaced Ground Proximity Warning System

Audible warning system that gives instructions to avoid terrain.

44
Q

What are the disadvantages of EFIS?

A

Over reliance on leading to sudden increase in workload

45
Q

What information is fed into EFIS?

A 
Air data computer
Flight management system
Flight director
Inertial Navigation system
Weather radar
Lightning sensors
46
Q

What might cause an powerplant malfunction ?

A

Engine Failure/fire
Propeller damage
Foreign object debree/birdstrike
Poor inspection/maintenance procedure

47
Q

What are the affects of powerplant malfunction?

A

Asymmetric flight
Climb performance hindered
Drift-down
Crew workload increased

48
Q

What effect will a Hydraulic maltunction have?

A

Unable to use control surfaces
Can’t deploy landing gear
Brakes non operational

49
Q

What are SOP?

A

Standard operating procedures

Standard steps that flight crew will follow to safely and effectively carry out operations.

50
Q

Why do aircraft fly specified routes?

A

Noise restrictions
Airspace restrictions
Safe and orderly flow of traffic

51
Q

By what figure do aircraft try and maintain their speed to?

A

Designated Mach No.

52
Q 
What affect does high altitude have on:
Stability
Turn rate and radius
Speed range
Climb/descent performance
A

Stability is reduced.
Turn rate is reduced and radios increased.
Speed range decreases with altitude.
Climb performance reduced
Descent performance reduced by overspeed.

53
Q

How is top descent point calculated?

A

Height loss x 3.3 = distance in nm

Basic (16 decks)

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