Class 5: Non-human “feats of intelligence”

Question 1

TRUE OR FALSE: In the study by Monero, Tangen and Reinhard, honeybees were unable to distinguish between Picasso and Monet paintings when images were presented in greyscale

Answer 1

FALSE - greyscale images had no impact on the ability to distinguish between paintings

Question 2

In Monet and Picasso paintings animal testing process,Bees can judge which one is preferred by smell the feeder,is this true or false?

Answer 2

False,bees can’t see the feeder before they choose.

Question 3

Have chimpanzees shown evidence that they can prepare for 2 mutually exclusive future outcomes?

Answer 3

No they have not shown they can do so (But this does not mean that they cannot)

Question 4

What does nested scenario building allow humans to do?

Answer 4

Enables us to plan and prepare for opportunities and threats before they materialise.

Question 5

Question: What are the things that other than animals are attuned to long-term regularities such as day-night rhythms, and many can adjust to local patters as well?

Answer 5

bacteria

Question 6

How is the ability to create and communicate abstract representations related to language?

Answer 6

The ability to create and communicate abstract representations is closely tied to our use of language. Language allows us to create and communicate complex abstract representations, such as concepts and ideas, that are not immediately present in the world. This ability is closely tied to mental time travel, as humans use mental simulations to create and test out different abstract representations. Over time, this ability to create and communicate abstract representations has allowed humans to develop complex societies and cultures, and has been a key driver of our cognitive evolution.

Question 7

What were the specific methods used by Wu et al. (2013) to test the ability of honeybees to discriminate between paintings by famous artists such as Monet and Picasso?

Answer 7

A classical conditioning approach. They trained honeybees to associate one of the two paintings with a sugary reward, and then tested the bees’ ability to recognize and distinguish between the paintings without the presence of the reward.

Question 8

Which feature always human to imagine future novel scenarios

Answer 8

Nested scenario building

Question 9

Explain how NSB corresponds to an internal theatre analogy

Answer 9

The elements within NSB corresponds to elements of a theatre: Stage = imagining event/situation Actors & sets = individuals and objects involved Directors = managing & evaluating scenes Executive producer = making the final decision of given options

Question 10

True or False: In Wen Wu et.al experiment, the researchers found that when a greyscale is applied to the visual stimuli, bees were not able to discriminate between the images.

Answer 10

False: The researchers investigated if bee used colour as a discrimination cue and found that the bees discrimination performance was as food as the colour versions; there was no effect for colour.

Question 11

True or False? Honeybees can only discriminate between the specific painting they have been trained to recognise and are unable to generalise different artistic styles.

Answer 11

FALSE

Question 12

TRUE or FALSE: Through associative learning, animals can predict that a reward or punishment is coming after a specific event

Answer 12

True

Question 13

What are the two dimensions that humans differ with animals in respect of human cognition?

Answer 13

1) imagination and manipulation of a range of possibilities and outcomes from nested scenario forming relationships to connected events. 2) Drive to exchange thoughts with others.

Question 14

Animal and human cognition differ in two profound dimensions. What are these two distinct human features?

Answer 14

1. Complex scenario building 2. Exchanging thoughts with others

Question 15

Define the term “Cross-modal Perception”.

Answer 15

Cross-modal perception — The ability of an organism to integrate information from different sensory modalities, such as visual and olfactory cues, to form a coherent perception of the environment.

Question 16

Which two unique features helped transform capacities into abilities of the mind that set humans apart from the animal world?

Answer 16

1. Nested scenario building: The technique of creating nested scenarios enables us to envision multiple possible scenarios, each with distinct outcomes, and incorporate them into a broader storyline that interconnects various events. 2. The urge to connect: the human drive to exchange thoughts with others, enabling achievements beyond the abilities of lone individuals.

Question 17

How would a scientist definitively prove an ability is absent in an animal?

Answer 17

To prove an ability is absent in an animal, a scientist must test all animals, at all times, on some fool-proof task.

Question 18

Yes or No. Based on the ‘Animal Minds’ video, can pigeons form mental concepts?

Answer 18

Yes, the ‘Animal Minds’ video found that pigeons could form mental concepts.

Question 19

Define: Operant conditioning.

Answer 19

Operant conditioning is a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened or weakened by the consequences that follow it. In the study by Wu et al., honeybees were trained using operant conditioning to associate a specific painting with a sugar reward.

Question 20

In Reddish’s(1999) television broadcast of animal minds, why could the pigeon guess correctly when there would be a tone after which images were shown but the university students couldn’t?

Answer 20

The reason for this is because humans search for meanings for relationships, thus we fail to see the simple solution.

Question 21

Are humans specialists or generalists?

Answer 21

Both. Humans are able to generalize as a species, but quickly adapt to ones environment by learning the needed expertise.

Question 22

n the study on honeybee’s ability to recognize paintings, what was the bees’ task? A) To distinguish between paintings created by Monet and Picasso B) To fly towards the painting by a specific artist C) To identify whether the painting was abstract or realistic D) To detect the presence of a certain color in the painting

Answer 22

A) To distinguish between paintings created by Monet and Picasso

Question 23

Fill in the blanks: it is fair to assume that honey bees do not rely on elemental features such as L——-, C—-, or Salient e—. It is more likely they use feature e——.

Answer 23

it is fair to assume that honey bees do not rely on elemental features such as Luminance, Colour or Salient edges It is more likely they use feature extraction.

Question 24

According to Wu et al, which sense is highly important to the “perception of biologically relevant stimuli”? A) Scent detection B) Sound C) Vision D) Touch

Answer 24

C) Vision

Question 25

Define what ‘nested scenario building’ is

Answer 25

A cognitive ability in which humans are able to envision and mentally manipulate many possible situations and anticipate different outcomes.

Question 26

How does ‘generalisation’ help bees in their lives?

Answer 26

Generalisation enables bees to successfully forage on an ever-changing environment, since it allows adaptive responses to novel objects.

Question 27

What is the significance of this study for our understanding of non-human animal cognition?

Answer 27

This study provides evidence that even animals with relatively simple nervous systems, such as honeybees, are capable of sophisticated cognitive tasks such as visual discrimination and categorization. The ability of the bees to recognize and distinguish between complex visual stimuli suggests that their cognitive abilities are more complex than previously thought, and may be related to their role as pollinators. This study adds to a growing body of research that suggests that non-human animals have cognitive abilities that are more advanced than previously thought, and highlights the importance of considering the perspectives of other species in our understanding of cognition.

Question 28

True or false? The capacity for discrimination of artistic style is limited to only humans.

Answer 28

FALSE

Question 29

Which of the following statements is true about the study’s findings? A) Honeybees were unable to discriminate between any of the paintings presented. B) Honeybees were able to recognize some but not all of the paintings presented. C) Honeybees were able to discriminate between paintings by both Monet and Picasso. D) The study did not provide any conclusive findings on the bees’ ability to recognize paintings.

Answer 29

Honeybees were able to discriminate between paintings by both Monet and Picasso.

Question 30

In regards to the second pattern test where some patterns were followed by a tone and some weren’t, why were pigeons able to perform better on this task than humans?

Answer 30

Humans tend to search for meaning and relationships, often failing to see the simple solution. In this case, the simple solution was the visual distinction between large and small areas, which the pigeons could quickly discern.

Question 31

Why the nested scenario building is risky?

Answer 31

This is because competence at foresight emerges slowly as we mature and moreover, humans are not perfect, we still make mistakes to anticipate future situations accurately.

Question 32

What was the major finding in the study conducted by Wu and others on honeybees?

Answer 32

That they could distinguish and generalise between artistic representation styles proving the extent of their visual capabilities. This advances previous research of simply recognising and attraction to flower paintings compared to other artistic representations.

Question 33

True or False; Pigeons could distinguish between the painting styles of artists such as Monet and Picasso

Answer 33

TRUE

Question 34

How have mental time travel and the ability to create and communicate with imagined realities contributed to the development of human language and culture?

Answer 34

These features have enabled humans to share and shape collective beliefs and cultural practices, which have contributed to the development of human language and culture.

Question 35

What method did the researchers use to train the honeybees to recognize the paintings?

Answer 35

The researchers used a classical conditioning method to train the honeybees to associate a reward with a particular painting.

Question 36

What are two reasons why the bee’s ability to generalize stimuli might not have been as statistically strong? considering that bee’s employ generalization regularly when foraging and pollinating.

Answer 36

Results may not have been so strong due to the training regime implemented, specifically due to the length of training period’s and procedural exposure to novel and coded stimuli for each bee.

Question 37

While researchers have determined that humans and animals share many cognitive capacities, which two features of the mind set humans apart from other animals?

Answer 37

The capacity to build nested scenarios, and the urge to connect our minds with others.

Question 38

According to Prof John Pearce, why are humans typically slower than pigeons at a visual task where the underlying rule is discriminating images with small areas of colour from images with large areas of colour? A) because pigeons have an additional cone in their eyes making them more able to detect colour b) because pigeons have laterally placed eyes which allow them to measure area faster than humans c) because humans typically look for more meaningful explanations for the differences in images

Answer 38

c

Question 39

According to Suddendorf what are the two defining characteristics, within cognitive capacity, that separate humans from other species.

Answer 39

1. The urge to connect 2. Nested scenario building

Question 40

two dimensions that separate human cognition from animals

Answer 40

the ability to form nested scenarios, our drive to exchange thoughts/information with others.

Question 41

What is the likely method honeybees use to learn visual characteristics shared across the paintings of one category?

Answer 41

Feature extraction and/or configural processing. This is consistent with the way honeybees are thought to process human faces, forest scenes/landscapes, and solve novel visual tasks.

Question 42

What are the 2 Transformational Traits humans possess which sets us apart from the animal world?

Answer 42

1. Nested scenario building abilities 2. The urge to connect

Question 43

What was found to be a common feature of visual processing across species?

Answer 43

The ability to detect subtle differences in spatial arrangement of colors

Question 44

True or False: Honey bees are able to discriminate painting by Monet and Picasso, but they rely on colour as a discrimination cue

Answer 44

False. The study was repeated using greyscale versions of the paintings and their discrimination performance was as good as the colour versions

Question 45

How did the researchers test the honeybees ability to discriminate between Monet and Picasso paintings?

Answer 45

The researcher trained the honeybees to associate either Monet or Picasso paintings with a sugary reward. Then they presented the bees with a series of paintings by both artists and measured their ability to recognize and choose the correct paintings associated with the reward.

Question 46

What is the meaning of generalisation?

Answer 46

Generalisation is a fundamental cognitive process that allows for categorising and classifying similar stimuli according to their shared characteristic. As one may identify the stimuli as equivalent, they may evoke similar responses to each of them.

Question 47

What is the ‘Nested Scenario Building’?

Answer 47

It is a cognitive process that allows humans to imagine several alternative situations that helps us to anticipate and plan for potential future outcomes.

Question 48

How do the honey bees distinguish Picasso and Monet’s art pieces?

Answer 48

By extracting and understanding the the varying characteristics and visual information that is showcased in each painting style.

Question 49

True or False: In experiments by Professor John Pierce from Cardiff University in Wales, pigeons were able to learn that a Picasso but not a Monet painting will lead to food. But when presented with images of two bars of different heights, they do not learn that only bars that are equal in height, and not unequal bars, are followed by a tone.

Answer 49

true

Question 50

What are the features of human transformative traits?

Answer 50

The first one is nest scenario building which allow us to imagine several alternative situations,some with different outcomes and embed them into a larger narrative of connected events.The second feature is the urge to connected events.The second feature is the urge to connect,the human drive to exchange thoughts with others and enable achievement beyond the abilities of lone individual.

Question 51

Why do pigeons perform better than humans in some simplified visual pattern-recognition tests?

Answer 51

A pigeon quickly forms a concept of what it sees based on simple visual traits: size, shape, colour. Humans do this too, but then also apply logic and intuition to understand those elements. If the answer is simple, humans may “overthink” the solution by trying to discern a meaning to the patterns where there are none.

Question 52

How did researchers train honeybees to distinguish between Monet and Picasso paintings?

Answer 52

Researchers trained honeybees to associate either Monet or Picasso paintings with a reward, and then presented the bees with a choice between the two paintings without any reward. The bees were able to correctly identify and choose the painting associated with the reward only.

Question 53

__________ is the capacity for creative thinking and the ability to come up with novel ideas and solutions.

Answer 53

Open-ended generative thought

Question 54

In the Animal Minds video, which abstract patterns were pigeons able to discern. The greater than or equal bars, or small area of colour compared to large areas of colour?

Answer 54

Small area of colour compared to large areas of colour. Pigeons were unable to determine if bars were of equal or greater length.

Question 55

What type of paintings were used in the study? A) Realistic portraits B) Abstract landscapes C) Impressionist paintings D) Surrealist paintings

Answer 55

C) Impressionist paintings.

Question 56

True or False: When bees were trained to discriminate a Monet painting from a Picasso painting, both the Monet-rewarded and the Picasso-rewarded group of bees learned to discriminate between the paintings.

Answer 56

TRUE

Question 57

According to Suddendorf (2018), children start to intentionally shape their own future abilities around what age?

Answer 57

Children start to intentionally shape their own future abilities around the age of four or five.

Question 58

Which one of these domains of cognitive capacity is NOT shared between humans and animals: a) social reasoning, b) empathy, c) Mental time travel, d) communication

Answer 58

c) Mental time travel

Question 59

Define ‘Nested Scenario Building’

Answer 59

It is a feature of the human mind which allows us to imagine several alternative (possible) solutions and embed them into a larger narrative

Question 60

Animal and Human cognition differ in two profound dimensions. What are these two dimensions?

Answer 60

1. The ability to form nested scenarios 2. The urge to connect / our drive to exchange our thoughts with others

Question 61

Fill in the blank. The ability to ___, or imagine past and future events, allows humans to think and communicate about things that are not immediately present in the environment.

Answer 61

mentally time travel

Question 62

Can honeybees tell the difference between paintings by Monet and Picasso?

Answer 62

Yes, honeybees can discriminate between paintings by Monet and Picasso, even when the colors are removed.

Question 63

Define deliberate practice

Answer 63

rehearsal of actions aimed at improving future performance.

Question 64

Cognitive capacities shared by animals and humans

Answer 64

domains of communication, memory, social reasoning, tradition, empathy.

Question 65

True or False: Humans are can categorise all the same images that pigeons can categorise and some.

Answer 65

False - Humans have a tendency to over complicate the images and can try and determine an abstract relationship within the image that is not there. Where as a pigeon will think on a slightly more basic scale and see the picture as it is which can lead to it seeing the pattern that humans can’t. Refer to the youtube video.

Question 66

True or False: In the paper ‘Honeybees can discriminate between Monet and Picasso paintings’, the bees used colour to discriminate between paintings

Answer 66

False: Trials were done using grayscale paintings and the bees were also able to discriminate

Question 67

True or False: In the Wu et al. (2012) study, the researchers found that there was a main effect of colour with regards to the honeybees’ ability to distinguish between Monet and Picasso paintings.

Answer 67

False. Colour was found to not have an effect on the honeybees’ performance, as evidenced via the greyscale variation of the experiment.

Question 68

What is mental time travel and how does it relate to the human mind?

Answer 68

Mental time travel is the ability to mentally project oneself into the past and future, allowing humans to plan, reflect on past experiences, and envision alternative scenarios. This ability is thought to be a key feature of the human mind that distinguishes it from the minds of other animals.

Question 69

What are the two unique human features that set us apart from the animal world? Give brief explanation

Answer 69

(1) Nested scenario building, which allows us to imagine alternative situations and help us come up with various outcomes. (2) The urge to connect, which allows us to exchange thoughts with others and create greater outcomes than what one individual can do alone.

Question 70

Fill in the blank: The two features that neurologically set humans apart from animals are __ and __. A) social reasoning, physical reasoning B) mental time travel, empathy C) abstract explanations and prediction, morality D) nested scenario building, urge to connect

Answer 70

D) nested scenario building, urge to connect

Question 71

What does Suddendorf mean by human capacity of “nested scenario building”?

Answer 71

Imagining alternative situations, reflecting upon them and weaving them into a larger scheme of related events.

Question 72

What does “nested scenario building” allow us to do?

Answer 72

This feature allows us to imagine several alternative situations, some with different outcomes, and embed them into a larger narrative of connected events.

Question 73

A study conducted by Suddendorf and Redshaw from UQ demonstrated that while dropping a treat down an upside-down Y-shaped tube, the apes would only ever cover one exit (consequently, only catching 50% of the treats). What does this appear to demonstrate a lack of?

Answer 73

Contingency planning - the ability to understand and prepare for multiple future outcomes. Which seems to be a uniquely human capacity, but absence of evidence is not evidence of absence! So, unless all animals are tested under “perfect” conditions, we are yet to know for sure.

Question 74

True or false,recursive syntax is the ability to generate an infinite number of sentences from a finite set of rules. This ability allows humans to create and understand complex language.

Answer 74

TRUE

Question 75

What is the bystander effect?

Answer 75

The bystander effect is a phenomenon in which individuals are less likely to offer help in an emergency situation when other people are present.

Question 76

What is the trait that enables us to plan and prepare for opportunities and threats before they materialise?

Answer 76

Nested Scenario Building.

Question 77

Define Nested Scenario Building

Answer 77

Nested Scenario Building is our ability to imagine alternative situations, such as, imagining others’ situations, contemplating moral conundrums, constructing fictional scenarios AND as well, thinking ahead (picturing potnetial future events, reflecting on possible contingencies)

Question 78

True or false: four-year olds and apes do NOT differ in their ability to “prepare” for multiple possible future outcomes of an event (the ability to construct contingency plans).

Answer 78

False: While apes and two-year olds generally DO NOT show the ability to construct contingency plans, four-year olds DO show this ability.

Question 79

Do pigeons have concept when given a new set of images it has never seen before?

Answer 79

Yes, the pigeon compares new images with the mental concept (such as a tree) and correctly rejects images that do not match.

Question 80

What are the two important features to create the human minds?

Answer 80

1. Nested scenario building 2. The urge to connect

Question 81

According to the Youtube clip, ‘Animal Minds,’ is it found that pigeons have a mental concept of ‘trees’?

Answer 81

Yes, the experimenter shows the pigeons different images and the pigeon has the capacity to understand which images show trees and which do not (e.g., ferns instead of trees).

Question 82

True or False: It is important to pair the Urge to Connect and Nested Scenario Building together to achieve optimal outcomes.

Answer 82

True.

Question 83

Generalization

Answer 83

A fundamental cognitive capacity that allows classifying or categorizing similar stimuli according to shared characteristics, treating similar stimuli as equivalents, and thus representing them in the same manner

Question 84

Why did humans fail the final question in the “Animal Minds” video as compared to pigeons?

Answer 84

Humans look for meanings and for relationships in data, which is why they struggle to identify the simple visual solution of area size.

Question 85

What does Wu et al. (2013) suggest about bees’ visual capacities and pattern recognition abilities?

Answer 85

That bees have impressive pattern recognition abilities and can discriminate between complex images irrespective of biological relevance, illustrating the extent of bees’ visual capacities.

Question 86

What allows bees to adaptive response to novel objects? A,Bees just simply memorized different colour cues and colour combinations for each individual painting and relied exclusively on this information during discrimination. B,Salient edges of different paintings. C,During foraging, honeybees learn the characteristics of rewarding flowers and use this knowledge classifying or categorizing similar stimuli according to shared characteristics

Answer 86

C,During foraging, honeybees learn the characteristics of rewarding flowers and use this knowledge classifying or categorizing similar stimuli according to shared characteristics

Question 87

True or False. In the paper written by Suddendorf, a group of apes and children were compared on their contingent planning ability. Both the apes and two-year-old children responded to the Y-shaped tube problem similarly.

Answer 87

True. The difference in response was only shown in the four-year-old children, as they consistently covered both ends of the tube exit, while the apes and two-year-old children only covered one end of the tube.

Question 88

Why were the pigeons able to successfully perform in the “colour area” test but not the “equal bar” test?

Answer 88

The pigeons do not have any grasp on abstract concepts such as “equal to” or “greater than”, however they can visually distinguish between large and small areas.

Question 89

What are the stimuli used as cues by the honeybees in Wu et al’s study to distinguish between Picasso’s and Monet’s paintings?

Answer 89

Luminance, colour combinations, and salient edges.

Question 90

What does the abilities of honeybees to distinguish paintings suggest about humans?

Answer 90

That discrimination of artistic styles may not be a higher cognitive function that is unique to humans, but may simply be due to the capacity of animals, from insects to humans, to extract and categorize the visual characteristics of complex images.

Question 91

How does the ability to mentally time travel differ between humans and other animals?

Answer 91

Humans are the only animals known to have the ability to mentally time travel in a flexible and sophisticated way, while other animals may only have limited forms of episodic-like memory.

Question 92

What are two key differences between animal and human cognition?

Answer 92

Animals lack the ability to form nested scenarios (i.e. mentally simulate and manipulate possible outcomes). 2: Animals lack the urge to connect (i.e. the drive to exchange thoughts with others).

Question 93

What information did the honeybees not rely on for discrimination? a. Luminance b. Color c. Spatial frequency d. All of the above

Answer 93

d. All of the above

Question 94

Nested scenario building allows us the ability to: A. imagine alternative situations, reflect on them, and embed them into larger narratives of related events, B. imagine other people’s situations, moral conundrums, or entirely fictional stories, C. plan and prepare for opportunities and threats before they materialise, D. all of the above

Answer 94

D. All of the above. Nested scenario building allows us to use our abilities of imagination, memory, reflection, and executive decision-making to bring situations to life and provide foresight.

Question 95

True or false: Honeybees were able to generalize their ability of discriminating between two painting styles to novel paintings. This result was statistically significant.

Answer 95

False, while there was some evidence that honeybees are able to generalize their ability to discriminate paining styles with novel stimuli, this was NOT statistically significant overall.

Question 96

True or false: honey bees ability to differentiate Monet and Picasso is likely due to them using feature extraction and/or configural processing to learn the visual characteristics that are shared across the paintings of one category.

Answer 96

True.

Question 97

Fill in the blank. In the video ‘Animal Minds’ it was shown that pigeons have concepts but struggle with _________________

Answer 97

Abstract Thinking. As evidenced by the fact that pigeons could discriminate between patterns of shapes and colours, but could not when the pattern was the same colour as greater than, less than or equal.

Question 98

Fill in the blank: According to Suddendorf, two key features that created the human mind are the ability to mentally time travel and to ___________.

Answer 98

Imagine alternative realities.

Question 99

What does the study suggest about the cognitive abilities of animals?

Answer 99

The study suggests that animals, including insects like honeybees, have the ability to extract and categorize visual information from complex images. This ability is not unique to humans and suggests that animals have more advanced cognitive abilities than previously thought. The study also suggests that animals may use underlying visual regularities to categorize images, rather than relying on specific features like color or luminance.

Question 100

What are the two significant characteristics that have historically been thought to be unique to humans?

Answer 100

1. complex scenario building - nested scenarios allow us to envision and mentally manipulate many situations and anticipate different outcomes 2. exchanging thoughts with others, which enables achievements beyond the abilities of lone individuals

Question 101

What was the purpose of Wu et al.’s (2013) study?

Answer 101

They wanted to find out if bees could differentiate between paintings of different artistic styles. Given the complexity of the paintings used and the fact that they serve no biological relevance to honeybees, the study serves to demonstrate the extent of bees’ visual capacities and impressive pattern recognition abilities

Question 102

Explain two profound dimensions in which humans differ from animals in cognition. (Reference Suddendorf, T. (2018))

Answer 102

1. Humans can form nested scenarios. 2. The human drive to communicate ideas with others.

Question 103

Where was the experiment, Honeybees can discriminate between Monet and Picasso paintings conducted?

Answer 103

This experiment was conducted in an indoor flight facility with controlled temperature and illumination at the Queensland Brain Institute, Australia.

Question 104

Honeybees’ ability to distinguish between paintings by Picasso and Monet are mainly due to the colours each artists uses

Answer 104

FALSE

Question 105

What does Thomas Suddendorf say is one of the main difficulties with establishing what sets humans and animals apart? A) the fundamental problem of showing the absence of a capacity, b) the fundamental problem with showing the presence of a capacity, c) the fact that animals cannot just tell us what they know, d) the fact that (human) babies cannot just tell us what they know

Answer 105

a

Question 106

Is it true or false that honeybees can differentiate between paintings made by Monet and Picasso?

Answer 106

True. The journal article “Honeybees can discriminate between Monet and Picasso paintings” reports on a study that found honeybees can be trained to distinguish between the paintings of Monet and Picasso.

Question 107

In ‘Animal Minds’, why do humans have trouble distinguishing between pattern of small or large areas, while the pigeons do not?

Answer 107

Humans search for meaning and relationships, failing to see simple solutions.

Question 108

In Professor John Pearce’s video ‘Animal minds’, how does the professor first demonstrate that pigeons can learn concepts?

Answer 108

By conditioning the pigeon to associate pictures of equal levels of bar graphs + a noise with food

Question 109

What are the two distinct features of the human mind as posited by Suddendorf (2018)?

Answer 109

Complex scenario building & Exchanging thoughts with others

Question 110

What method did Wu et al. use to test honeybees’ ability to distinguish between paintings by Monet and Picasso?

Answer 110

The researchers used a classical conditioning paradigm, in which the bees were trained to associate one painting with a sugary reward.

Question 111

What are the two dimensions that animals and humans differ on?

Answer 111

1. Ability to form nested scenarios. 2. Our drive to exchange thoughts with others.

Question 112

Is empathy a distinctly human capacity, or shared by humans and animals?

Answer 112

Empathy is a cognitive capacity shared by animals and humans.

Question 113

Name two animals that are capable of discriminating between Monet’s and Picasso’s paintings.

Answer 113

Pigeons and bees

Question 114

In the ‘Animal Minds’ video why were pigeons able to easily understand certain visual perception tasks that humans struggled with?

Answer 114

Humans typically look for meaning when performing complex tasks (e.g. a beep occurs when the pillars are the same height), a pigeon likely lacks this level of thought and simply uses basic information it sees (e.g. the size of the coloured area is large when there’s a beep).

Question 115

How did Wu et al. determine that the honeybees were able to distinguish between paintings by Monet and Picasso?

Answer 115

The researchers used a variety of tests and statistical analyses to demonstrate that the bees were able to learn to associate one painting with a reward, and that they could generalize this learning to new paintings by the same artist.

Question 116

According to Thomas Suddendorf, what are the main cognitive abilities distinguish modern humans from other non-human primates and animals in general?

Answer 116

1. Nested scenario building 2. Ability to connect our minds through language

Question 117

True or False: Honeybees were trained to recognize the differences between paintings by Monet and Van Gogh in this study.

Answer 117

False. The honeybees in this study were trained to recognize the differences between paintings by Monet and Picasso, not Van Gogh.

Question 118

True or False? According to the article “Two key features created the human mind: Inside our heads” by Suddendorf, social cognition was one of the domains in which animals and humans shared cognitive capacities.

Answer 118

False. The domains mentioned were communication, social reasoning, memory, physical memory, tradition, and empathy.

Question 119

True or False: Open-ended generative thought is not a unique feature of human cognition.

Answer 119

False: Mental time travel and open-ended generative thought are unique to humans.

Question 120

Did Professor Peirce’s experiment show pigeons are capable of abstract thought?

Answer 120

No The pigeons could not discern the concept of the two bars being equal; however, people quickly recognise this.

Question 121

According to the Suddendorf article, what are the two unique traits of the human mind that set us apart from other animals?

Answer 121

The two traits are “nested scenario building” and “the urge to connect”.

Question 122

What are some of the cognitive abilities demonstrated by honeybees?

Answer 122

Honeybees have been shown to display a variety of cognitive abilities, including numerical processing, the ability to solve delayed-matching-to-sample tasks, and the capacity to learn abstract rules and concepts and transfer these to novel stimuli and tasks. They also exhibit sophisticated visual processing and learning abilities, and are able to quickly learn colors, shapes, and patterns. Additionally, honeybees rely on complex visual cues during their daily foraging trips, such as constellations of landmarks and multifaceted landscapes.

Question 123

What is the difference between positive and negative patterning discrimination tasks, and how were they used in this study?

Answer 123

Positive patterning discrimination tasks require an organism to learn to respond to a specific combination of stimuli, while negative patterning discrimination tasks require the organism to learn to respond to the absence of a specific stimulus. Both types of tasks were used in the study to ensure that the bees were actually discriminating between the paintings themselves, rather than simply responding to other visual cues in the testing environment

Question 124

True or False: Professor John Pierce from Cardiff University in Wales presented his students with images of bars of different heights aligned next to each other. An image where the bars made a small area of colour was followed by a tone. An image with a large area of colour was not followed by a tone. His pigeons were able to recognise this pattern, but his students couldn’t.

Answer 124

true

Question 125

What are the two transformational traits when it comes to the human mind?

Answer 125

One is the “nested scenario building” which is our ability to imagine alternative situations, reflect on them and embed them into our larger narratives of related events. The second is the “urge to connect” which is our deep-seated drive and capacity to exchange our thoughts with others, when we put our minds together to create something greater than what one individual can do alone.

Question 126

True or False: According to the article, the human brain has the ability to create and use mental models of the world.

Answer 126

True. The article states that the human brain can create and use mental models of the world, which allow us to reason about things that we cannot see or touch.

Question 127

In the 2012 paper ‘Honeybees can discriminate between Monet and Picasso paintings’ written by Wu & collegues, what conclusion did the researchers come to about honeybees?

Answer 127

Honeybees have the capacity to learn and process complex visual information

Question 128

In the honeybees experiment, the authors specify that the possibility of reliance on visual and/ or olfactory cues of the reward cannot be ruled out. True or False?

Answer 128

False, the authors assured these 2 factors played no role.

Question 129

Describe the two main cognitive capacities that differentiate humans from animals explained in Suddendorf’s (2018) article.

Answer 129

Nested scenario building - allows us to imagine scenarios and create fictional stories. It also allows us to envision potential alternatives to situations and embed them into a larger narrative of connected events Urge to connect - the human drive to exchange thoughts with others, this allows us to achieve accomplishments that might not have been possible with only the abilities of one person.

Question 130

True or False – In the Youtube video, humans outperformed pigeons on all visual discrimination tasks

Answer 130

False – Prof John Pearce demonstrated that pigeons were faster at a task which required distinguishing images with small areas of colour from images with large areas of colour. This is because we (humans) typically look for more meaning and relationships and fail to see the simple solution

Question 131

What are the particular elemental features that Honeybees do not rely on when discriminating between paintings?

Answer 131

Luminance, colour, salient edges, orientation, or spatial frequency content.

Question 132

Can Bee’s who have been trained to recognize either Monet or Picasso paintings generalize their mental concepts onto novel paintings of similar styles?

Answer 132

Bee’s DO show a capacity to distinguish styles of novel paintings at a percentage rate above chance, however this evidence was not significantly strong. Bee’s with Picasso conditioning showed a more consistent ability to generalize style with both color and greyscale novel stimuli. This ability to generalize is important as it enables bee’s to remember flowers that are particularly susceptible to pollination/foraging, and compare new flower stimuli to their existing constructs.

Question 133

The bees’ discrimination abilities are based on what?

Answer 133

The discrimination abilities were based on both global and local visual features of the paintings.

Question 134

True or False: The honeybees in the study were able to generalise their discrimination ability to new paintings by Monet and Picasso

Answer 134

TRUE

Question 135

Explain ‘the urge to connect’:

Answer 135

The intrinsic human urge to exchange our thoughts with other people which could lead to greater achievements through combining ideas

Question 136

True or False: The bees were trained to associate one of the paintings with positive reinforcement.

Answer 136

FALSE: The bees were trained to associate one of the paintings with a sugar reward.

Question 137

How does the ability to create and understand fictional stories relate to our social and cultural evolution?

Answer 137

The ability to create and understand fictional stories has allowed us to share knowledge and ideas, transmit cultural values and beliefs, and develop complex social structures and behaviors.

Question 138

As seen in animal minds, can pigeons discriminate between pictures of nature, and other pictures

Answer 138

Yes

Question 139

True / False. All species on the earth including humans are categorized as either specialists or generalists.

Answer 139

False. Humans can be categorized as both specialists and generalists.

Question 140

How does the Suddendorf respond to the criticism that some animal species also possess advanced cognitive abilities, such as tool use and language?

Answer 140

Suddendorf argues that while some animal species possess advanced cognitive abilities, none of them possess both the ability to mentally time travel and the ability to create and understand symbolic representations in the same way that humans do.

Question 141

Honeybees are thought to process human faces, forest scenes & landscapes, and distinguish between Monet and Picasso paintings, using which dimension reduction technique?

Answer 141

Singular value decomposition (SVD) - captures the most salient structural regularities across a broad set of examples from the same category (e.g., Picasso’s paintings).

Question 142

What two key features does Suddendorf identify as creating the human mind? A) Social intelligence and physical dexterity B) Language and tool use C) Imagination and mental time travel D) Problem-solving and critical thinking

Answer 142

C) Imagination and mental time travel

Question 143

According to Suddendorf’s article, are humans categorized as generalists, specialists, or both?

Answer 143

Both: humans are able to adapt to local and anticipated demands by acquiring expertise.

Question 144

How did the researchers train the bees to distinguish between different paintings?

Answer 144

The researchers used the color of the paintings as a cue for the bees to learn which paintings were associated with a sugary reward. Over time, the bees learned to associate a particular painting with the reward.

Question 145

What is the title and source of the documentary discussed in Reddish’s Animal Minds?

Answer 145

The documentary discussed in Reddish’s Animal Minds is called “Animal Minds” and it was produced by the British Broadcasting Corporation in 1999.

Question 146

What are the 2 human cognitive feats that differentiate us from other animals?

Answer 146

Our ability to mentally construct, manipulate, and envision multiple scenarios and outcomes that may involve ourselves and/or others (nested scenario building), as well as our desire to share these thoughts with others

Question 147

What are the two transformative traits that set humans apart from animals?

Answer 147

The two transformative traits are (1) Nested scenario building, and (2) Urge to connect

Question 148

Which two transformation traits make human intelligence superior to non-human intelligence

Answer 148

Nested scenario building and the urge to connect

Question 149

According to a study by Suddendorf (2018), as an individual we have the ability to imagine alternative situations, which in turn will enable us to better plan and anticipate for future opportunities and threats. Which of the two characteristics that set humans apart from animal is being described?

Answer 149

Nested scenario building

Question 150

What does the study suggest about the discrimination of artistic styles? a. It is a higher cognitive function that is unique to humans b. It is simply due to the capacity of the visual system to extract and learn characteristic visual information inherent in each painting style c. It is a function of the size of the brain d. It is a function of the number of neurons in the brain

Answer 150

b. It is simply due to the capacity of the visual system to extract and learn characteristic visual information inherent in each painting style

Question 151

According to Suddendorf, what are the two key features that created the human mind?

Answer 151

According to Suddendorf, the two key features that created the human mind are the ability to mentally time travel and the ability to understand other people’s minds.

Question 152

Fill in the Blank: The ability to create an internal theatre in which we are able to mentally manipulate situations is known as ___________________.

Answer 152

Nested Scenario Building

Question 153

In the visual task where the area of the shape changes (small area vs. large area), why do humans tend to fail while pigeons tend to succeed?

Answer 153

Pigeons are more likely to succeed since they quickly discern the visual distinction between large and small areas. Humans, however, are more likely to fail since we search for meaning and relationships, so we fail to see the simple solution.

Question 154

What are the two key features that are believed to have created the human mind, according to Suddendorf’s article in Scientific American?

Answer 154

The ability to imagine the future and the ability to understand the minds of others.

Question 155

What is mental time travel?

Answer 155

Mental time travel is the ability to mentally travel backward and forward in time, enabling humans to reflect on the past and plan for the future. From this it can allow people to prepare for hypothetical situations

Question 156

Scenaro: Person is imagining running a marathon and thinking up different possibilities of how it might go, such as being joyful or full of worry and injuries, then planning for a positive outcome by hiring a coach and speaking with friends who have already run marathons. What cognitive abilities is this an example of and how

Answer 156

Nested scenario building as the person is able to imagine different scenarios/outcomes and use these to plan by hiring a coach. AND The urge to connect - as the person chooses to hire a coach a well as ask their friends of their lived experience so that overall they have a better understanding than from just imagining.

Question 157

What is the trait that is our deep-seated and capacity to exchange our thoughts with others called?

Answer 157

Urge to Connect.

Question 158

True or False: The honeybees in Wu’s et.,al (2013) study were able to distinguish between paintings by Monet and Picasso based on colour alone

Answer 158

False. The honeybees were not able to distinguish between the paintings based on colour alone, in fact there was no significant effect of colour.

Question 159

Do honeybees understand the artistic differences in paintings

Answer 159

No, but they are able to learn and recognize different patterns

Question 160

Has it occured that a pigeon has outperformed humans in a cognitive task?

Answer 160

Yes, pigeons were better at discerning the visual distinction in a pattern-recognition task, where the solution was a simple one compared to meaninngful one.

Question 161

What does …. mean by human capacity of “nested scenario building”?

Answer 161

Imagining alternative situations, reflecting upon them and weaving them into a larger scheme of related events.

Question 162

What are the two main features that humans can do that sets us apart from that of animals?

Answer 162

Nested scenario building and the urge to connect.

Question 163

What happens in the development from a two to a four year old according to Suddendorf’s paper?

Answer 163

Two year olds struggle to use nested scenario building (foresee different scenarios playing out) whereas a four year old can determine that there are multiple different results that could happen when an event occurs.

Question 164

TRUE/FALSE. In the raven experiment, ravens successfully selected a target item (stone) out of other distractor items to drop in a box minutes or hours later. This is definitely because of their capacity to think ahead in flexible ways.

Answer 164

FALSE. It is likely that the ravens were exhibiting associative learning as they were being reinforced with food for selecting the target item on several trials before the experiment commenced. They quickly learnt that the stone led to reinforcement and the other distractor items did not.

Question 165

Name a suggestion the researchers put forward in the Honeybee study that the bees were capable of.

Answer 165

That the bees have capability to learn about general visual structure setting paintings apart and generalise the knowledge to apply to other paintings by the same artists, especially with colour presentation (i.e. colour cue recognition).

Question 166

According to Suddendorf, how does the ability to simulate possible future scenarios differ from other animals’ cognitive abilities?

Answer 166

While many animals can plan for the future, the ability to simulate possible future scenarios requires a degree of abstraction and flexibility not seen in other animals, allowing humans to plan for a wide range of potential future outcomes.

Question 167

True/False The honeybees’ ability to discriminate between paintings was only successful when the paintings were shown in color.

Answer 167

FALSE

Question 168

According to the hardwired circuits model, what cues do bees rely on to solve complex visual tasks?

Answer 168

The hardwired circuits model suggests that bees use simple rules to recognize images, such as shapes and colors, and then remember those rules to identify the same image again in the future. They may also use similar rules to recognize other images that have similar shapes and colors.

Question 169

True/False According to Suddendorf (2018), one of the key features that distinguishes the human mind from those of other animals is our ability to plan for the future.

Answer 169

TRUE

Question 170

Suddendorf argues that our ability to (blank) allows us to reflect on our past experiences, simulate future scenarios, and engage in abstract thought.

Answer 170

Mentally time travel

Question 171

What alternative mechanisms need to be ruled out before making claims about ‘rich’ cognition?

Answer 171

Lean mechanisms such as learning and reinforcing.

Question 172

Animals normally fall under the category of specialist (e.g. a koala) and generalist (e.g. a possum). What category are humans?

Answer 172

Both

Question 173

In the study on honeybees ability to discriminate art styles, the honeybees were slightly more able to generalise to novel paintings by Monet and Picasso when shown in greyscale compared to in colour. What explanation/suggestion did the authors give for this?

Answer 173

They suggested that the novel paintings would have had many many different and new colour combinations which may have distracted the bees from noticing shared characteristics which did not rely on colour, which could be more easily distinguished when show in black/white.

Question 174

What explanation was given for why honeybees need to be able to generalise categories in their lives?

Answer 174

It allows for successful foraging in changing environments, which is an adaptive response to new and different stimuli. They can form categories for a type of flower based on similarities they find with other flowers in that category for example.

Question 175

The three components of the tripartite model of anxiety and depression are ________, ________, and ________.

Answer 175

Negative affect, low positive affect, and physiological hyperarousal.

Question 176

Based on the study by Monero, Tangen and Reinhard (2013) which of the following statements are false: a) Honeybees can discriminate landscape scenes, types of flowers, and human faces b) Honeybees rely on luminance information to discriminate between images c) Evidence for honeybees ability to generalise to novel paintings was not strong d) Findings suggested that discrimination of artistic styles is not a higher cognitive function unique to humans

Answer 176

B is false

Question 177

What confirmed that pidgeons have the ability to form and use concepts when viewing new images?

Answer 177

The pigeons were able to correctly reject an image that did not fit their mental concept of a tree.

Question 178

According to Suddendorf’s paper, are “scenario building” and “urge to connect” something humans and bees both demonstrate?

Answer 178

No. Humans share many cognitive capacities with animals (including bees), however these two characteristics are what make humans unique, according to Suddendorf.

Question 179

True or False - The video “Animal Minds” produced by Reddish, P. (1999) discusses studies on animal cognition and communication, but does not focus specifically on dolphins.

Answer 179

True - The video covers a range of studies on animal cognition and communication, including studies on chimpanzees and parrots, but it does not focus specifically on dolphins.

Question 180

In the raven experiment, what did the birds learn before the tests start?

Answer 180

They learned to recognize that the target item, the stone, led to rewards and that distractor items did not.

Question 181

Judging true or fault: in Suddendorf, T. (2018) ‘s article, mental time travel, mental time travel is thought to be the result of natural selection because it provides a survival advantage by allowing humans to predict and prepare for future events.

Answer 181

True. Mental time travel refers to remembering past events and anticipating future events. Mental time travel allows humans to plan for the future, reflect on the past, and learn from experience.

Question 182

True/False Honeybees are capable of distinguishing between paintings created by different artists.

Answer 182

TRUE

Question 183

True or false, theory of mind is the ability to attribute mental states to oneself and others. This ability allows humans to understand and predict the behavior of others, and to communicate effectively with other.

Answer 183

TRUE

Question 184

What is the key difference between human’s and pigeons that allows us to succeed on greater then/equal to tasks but fail on simpler task(e.g.. area of color), and vice versa for pigeons?

Answer 184

The ability to use abstract thinking! We recognize the patterns of meaning in stimulus that involve abstract concepts, such as greater then or equal to. However we also use this form of thinking to try and find patterns or ascribe meaning in tasks that may be much simpler then we assume; where pigeons recognize the simpler solution without trying to assign arbitrary meaning.

Question 185

What are the two profound ways that human and animal cognition differ?

Answer 185

1. Humans can envision and mentally manipulate many situations to anticipate different outcomes (A.K.A. nested scenario building). 2. Humans have a drive to exchange thoughts with each other.

Question 186

What are some ways that the author (Thomas Suddendorf) do when conducting his experiments to prevent mistaking children’s behaviour for anything more than lean mechanisms and alternative explanations

Answer 186

He used single trials of novel tasks to avoid children from learning from prior trials He changed the timing and spatial contexts of tests to avoid cueing the children on the appropriate answer He made sure that the tests required the use of different skills to avoid eliciting a behaviour that occurs due to a very specific predilection

Question 187

What is nested scenario building?

Answer 187

What allows human to imagine future events, reflect and form ideas on what could happening which allows for the ability to plan and prepare for event before they occur.

Question 188

Similar to bees, do pigeons have the ability to discriminate between Monet and Picasso paintings as seen in animal minds?

Answer 188

Yes

Question 189

I am an undergraduate psychology student at the University of Queensland and I want to be a clinical psychologist one day. However, I have no idea how to become a clinical psychologist. Based on Michael Tomasello, which method is the best way to get information? A. Ask a clinical psychologist who graduated from the University of Queensland. B. Use google to search for getting some tips and information to become a clinical psychologist. C. Ask psychology undergraduate students who have an interest in clinical psychology. D. Ask a person who has worked in the hospital for 10. Years.

Answer 189

A. The best way to find out about the future is to ask someone who has already been there. Therefore, it is the best way to get information when asking a clinical psychologist who graduated same university.

Question 190

What are the two transformational traits?

Answer 190

Nested scenario building & urge to connect.

Question 191

In ‘Honeybees can discriminate between Monet and Picasso paintings’, How did the researchers control for colour and brightness differences between the paintings?

Answer 191

The researchers controlled for colour and brightness differences by presenting the paintings in grayscale and adjusting the brightness levels to be equal across all paintings.

Question 192

Name the four abilities that need to interplay for “nested scenario building” to be possible (Suddendorf, 2018)

Answer 192

1. Imagination, 2. Memory, 3. Reflection, 4. Executive decision making

Question 193

What is the key argument in the youtube video Reddish, P. (Producer). (1999). Animal minds [Television broadcast]. Bristol: British Broadcasting Corporation?

Answer 193

One of the key arguments of the documentary is that animals have the capacity for advanced social intelligence, including the ability to recognize and remember individuals, communicate with one another, and form complex social relationships.

Question 194

True or False: Both nested scenario building and connecting our minds with others are important and distinct human cognitive capacities that are best utilised independently of one another.

Answer 194

Answer: False. As nested scenario building involves anticipating future possibilities – and indeed, humans often fail to accurately anticipate future situations – it is best paired with the idea of connecting with others and sharing information and experience.

Question 195

How effective were honeybees at generalising to novel paintings?

Answer 195

The study showed that honeybees could discriminate some of the novel paintings they had never encountered before, but statistically the evidence for generalisation was weak.

Question 196

Generalisation performance for novel paintings could be improved by presenting exemplars over a longer period of time, like similar experiments conducted with pigeons. Why is it not possible to conduct equivalent experiments with bees?

Answer 196

It is difficult to conduct equivalent experiments in honeybees because of the limited lifespan of insects

Question 197

What does Suddendorf mean when he mentions mental time travel’ and how does this set humans apart from other animals?

Answer 197

By ‘mental time travel’, Suddendorf means the ability to mentally transport oneself into the past or the future, to imagine events that have not yet happened, and to remember events that have already happened. This ability sets humans apart from other animals because it allows us to plan for the future, reflect on the past, and make decisions based on our memories and anticipations.

Question 198

In Professor John Pearce’s video ‘Animal minds’, how does the professor first demonstrate that pigeons can learn concepts?

Answer 198

By conditioning the pigeon to associate pictures of trees with food

Question 199

According to suddendorf most animals are categorized as specialist or generalist, what are humans categorized as?

Answer 199

Humans are categorized as both specialist and generalist as humans are able to adapt to local and anticipated demands by acquiring relevant expertise.

Question 200

What is the debate surrounding the cues that honeybees use to solve complex visual tasks?

Answer 200

The debate surrounding the cues that honeybees use to solve complex visual tasks is whether they rely only on low-level feature detectors and elemental cues or if they have a plastic system based on multiple mechanisms, including configural type processing and rule-learning, and can access top-down information to solve novel tasks.

Question 201

According to the “Honeybees can discriminate between Monet and Picasso paintings”, what is said to be a fundamental cognitive capacity that allows classifying or categorising similar stimuli according to shared characteristics, treating similar stimuli as equivalents, and thus responding to them in the same manner.

Answer 201

Generalisation

Question 202

According to the television broadcast ‘Animal Minds,’ why did the pigeons find it easier to quickly discern the visual distinction between large and small areas compared to humans?

Answer 202

Humans search for meaning in relationships between things so we fail to see the more straightforward solution. In this particular experiment, pigeons cannot grasp the concept of “equal to or greater than” which points to the human realm of abstract thought

Question 203

True or False: Humans consistently outperformed pigeons in recognising patterns

Answer 203

FALSE

Question 204

True or False: The article suggests that the human brain evolved to be a general-purpose problem solver, capable of handling a wide variety of tasks.

Answer 204

True. The article argues that the human brain is a general-purpose problem solver that can handle a wide range of tasks, from language and communication to social interaction and tool use.

Question 205

In the Suddendorf reading, what cognitive ability do the metaphorical terms «stage», «actors», «set», «executive producer» illustrate?

Answer 205

Our ability to imagine complex scenarios with various outcomes, also known as nested scenario «building»

Question 206

According to Wu et al. (2013), honeybees were able to distinguish between paintings by Monet and Picasso based on the colour of the images.

Answer 206

False! They did so based on the spatial relationships between the colours and shapes in the paintings, not just the colours themselves.

Question 207

What are the two “Human Transformative Traits” considered to be the separating barrier between human and non-human minds?

Answer 207

Nested scenario building and urge to connect.

Question 208

Professor John Pierce examined the mind of a pigeon. What cognitive concept did the pigeon not seem to have?

Answer 208

Abstract thinking

Question 209

Nested Scenario-Building

Answer 209

A distinguishing feature of the human brain that allows us to imagine several alternative situations, some with different outcomes, and embed them into a larger narrative of connected events

Question 210

True or False; Has it ever occured that a pigeon has outperformed humans in a cognitive task?

Answer 210

True, pigeons were better at discerning the visual distinction in a pattern-recognition task, where the solution was a simple one compared to meaningful one. Pigeons can also perform quite well in recognizing letters in the alphabet, as well as recognizing human faces.

Question 211

What is the role of mental time travel in the development of the human mind, and how does this ability differ from other animals?

Answer 211

Mental time travel is a uniquely human ability that allows us to mentally simulate possible future scenarios and remember past experiences in detail, and it is thought to have played a key role in the development of planning, decision-making, and self-awareness.

Question 212

Judging true or fault: Wu, Moreno, Tangen, and Reinhard (2013), the researchers found that honeybees were able to apply their discrimination ability to new images of the artists’ works that they had not seen before.

Answer 212

True.This is because the bees are able to generalise the knowledge they learn from the training images to new images of the same artist’s work. Bees are able to do this because they have a highly developed visual system that allows them to detect and process complex visual information.

Question 213

What does the ability of bees and pigeons to discriminate between Picasso and Monet paintings say about the cognitive functions required for the task?

Answer 213

Visual discrimination between artistic styles is not a higher cognitive function

Question 214

True or False: The cognitive ability to discriminate between artistic styles is a uniquely human trait.

Answer 214

False – the ability to discriminate between artistic styles is attributable to the capacity of all animals (not just humans) to extract and categorise visual characteristics.

Question 215

What are the two key features that distinguish the human mind?

Answer 215

The two key features that distinguish the human mind are mental time travel and the ability to create and communicate with imaginary worlds.

Question 216

True or False: The ability to empathise is unique to humans.

Answer 216

False. According to Suddendorf (2018), our cognitive capacity for empathy is shared with other animals. For example, chimpanzees have been shown to ‘console others in distress’.

Question 217

According to the article by T. Suddendorf “Two key features created the human mind: Inside our heads”, what are the six cognitive capacities shared by both humans and animals?

Answer 217

Communication, Memory, Social reasoning, Physical reasoning, Tradition, Empathy

Question 218

What did the inclusion of greyscale paintings allow Wu and colleagues to determine about a honeybee’s ability to discriminate and generalise painting styles?

Answer 218

Results show that honeybees perform better with discrimination of painting styles in greyscale compared to colour. This suggests that both potential cues of colour and luminance are unlikely as for these cues to be relevant you would expect honeybees to perform better with coloured paintings. This is also further evident in the generalisation portion of the experiment as honeybees performed better when presented with greyscale over colour. Suggesting that rather than cues of specific colour combination and luminance, honeybees may rather use general visual structure cues for discrimination and generalisation.

Question 219

What is the significance of the finding that honeybees can discriminate between paintings by Monet and Picasso specifically?

Answer 219

The finding is significant because it suggests that honeybees can distinguish between complex visual stimuli with styles that are very different from each other, rather than simply responding to visual features such as colour or brightness. This indicates that honeybees may have the ability to process and recognise complex visual patterns and styles, which could have implications for understanding the evolution and function of insect cognition.

Question 220

What are some abilities nested scenario building depends on?

Answer 220

Imagination, memory, reflection and executive decision making

Question 221

Fill in the blank: The fact, that bees can learn to discriminate not one but several painting pairs simultaneously, indicates that bees may learn about the ——– of the paintings rather than the specific cues of single exemplars.

Answer 221

categorical structure

Question 222

What are the two ways that animal and human cognition differ?

Answer 222

1) the inner theatre of the mind 2)the drive to exchange our thoughts with others

Question 223

When putting a reward through a Y-shaped tube with two exits, what behaviour was shown in apes, 2 year olds and 4 year olds?

Answer 223

Apes and 2 year olds would only cover 1 potential exit, while 4 year olds would use two hands to cover both potential exits - this demonstrates the capacity for 4 year old humans to prepare for at least two mutually exclusive possibilities

Question 224

The uniquely human capacity that allows us to put ourselves in another person’s shoes and imagine their situation is called: _______

Answer 224

Nested scenario building. Suddendorf identifies this as one of two key capacties that sets us apart from other animals and states that it enables us to imagine alternative scenarios, other people’s situations, moral conundrums, or entirely fictional stories.

Question 225

What did the study by Wu, Moreno, Tangen, and Reinhard find about honeybees?

Answer 225

The study by Wu, Moreno, Tangen, and Reinhard found that honeybees can discriminate between paintings by Monet and Picasso.

Question 226

True/False: The humanistic approach to psychology emphasizes the importance of unconscious processes and early childhood experiences.

Answer 226

False: The humanistic approach to psychology does not place significant emphasis on the unconscious processes and early childhood experiences, but rather focuses on the unique experience of each individual and their personal growth and potential

Question 227

How did Suddendorf define “Nested scenario building”?

Answer 227

Humans ability to imagine alternative situasions, reflect on these alternative situasions and embed them into larger narratives of reltated events.

Question 228

True or False: honeybees DO NOT rely on particular elemental features such as luminance, colour, salient edges, orientation or spatial frequency content when discriminating and categorizing complex images (Wu et al., 2012).

Answer 228

True

Question 229

True or False; Pigeons could distinguish between the painting styles of artists such as Monet and Picasso

Answer 229

The results of a study showed that the pigeons were able to distinguish between the paintings of the two artists with a high degree of accuracy

Question 230

Pigeons have been shown to have concepts of things such as trees and other visual things like artistic styles, but what is a class of concepts that they do not have?

Answer 230

Abstract concepts such as ‘equal”

Question 231

What kind of thought occurred to the pigeon’s mind according to the “Animal Minds video”?

Answer 231

Abstract thought.

Question 232

What are two differences in the transformation of human cognition since the evolution of homos erectus to homo sapiens?

Answer 232

Nested scenario building and Shared intentionality (our urge to connect our minds/share ideas)

Question 233

According to Suddendorf, what characteristic sets the human capacity for forethought ahead of animal cognitive capacity?

Answer 233

Nested scenario building – in which humans are able to imagine future scenarios, interrogate them for possibilities, and reflect on what the outcomes might be – is described as a critical difference in human-animal cognitive capacity.

Question 234

In the article , bees are found to be able to discriminate between Monet and Picasso paintings then generalize them onto novel paintings better in grayscale. What visual cue here could have potentially affected the bees’ generalizing ability?

Answer 234

Colour.

Question 235

according to the Two key features created the human mind paper what is one function of fictional thinking? A) To learn from past experiences B) To plan for the future C) To explore possible scenarios and outcomes D) To communicate our thoughts and intentions

Answer 235

Answer: C) To explore possible scenarios and outcomes

Question 236

Why does Reddish (1999) determine that his students were able to determine the pattern of the greater than/equal to puzzle but not the area puzzle presented after?

Answer 236

As humans we try to search for meaning for relationships between objects, we search for abstract patterns rather than simpler ones.

Question 237

Could the pigeons form a concept of Picasso’s painting style?

Answer 237

Yes, the pigeons were able to form a concept of Picasso’s painting style, as they correctly identified new pictures by Picasso and rejected those by Monet.

Question 238

What is “nested scenario building”?

Answer 238

Our ability to imagine alternative situations, reflect on them and embed them into larger narratives of related events.

Question 239

True/False Vision is one of the most important sensory modalities for the perception of biologically relevant stimuli.

Answer 239

TRUE

Question 240

Why do people need to connect regarding the class 5 readings?

Answer 240

To gain information about the future from someone who has been in a similar situation and gain more accurate information then one would by imagining it.

Question 241

What is ‘Nested scenario building’?

Answer 241

Nested scenario building is a trait humans have that allows us to imagine alternative situations, reflect on them, and embed them into a larger narrative of related events

Question 242

What is the ‘ability to form nested scenarios’ explained in Suddendorf (2018)?

Answer 242

The ability to form nested scenarios is one of the ways humans are uniquely intelligent compared to other animals. It is the ability to mentally manipulate possible situations and anticipate various future outcomes, and embed these scenarios into a larger narrative of connected events.

Question 243

How does the honeybees discriminate Monet paintings from Picasso according to Wu (et, al. 2013) ?

Answer 243

They do it by extracting and learn the characteristict visual information inherent in each painting style.

Question 244

True or False: One feature, nested scenario building, enables us to imagine and come up with alternative situations, which in turn will enable us to better plan for future events.

Answer 244

TRUE

Question 245

Suddendorf suggests that language likely emerged as a tool for _____ communication and coordination. (fill in the blank)

Answer 245

Social

Question 246

What are the two key features that are responsible for the development of human cognition and culture?

Answer 246

Mental time travel and the ability to create and communicate with imagined realities.

Question 247

According to the article on honeybees (Wu et al., 2013), colour was a crucial cue for honeybees to discriminate between the Monet and Picasso paintings. True or False?

Answer 247

FALSE

Question 248

What was the purpose of the study?

Answer 248

The purpose of the study was to investigate the visual perception and learning abilities of honeybees, and to determine whether they could discriminate between paintings by different artists.

Question 249

According to the article by T. Suddendorf “Two key features created the human mind: Inside our heads”, in which two dimensions do animal and human cognition differ?

Answer 249

1. The ability to form nested scenarios and an “inner theatre” of the mind. This allows humans to envision and mentally manipulate multiple situations and anticipate different outcomes. 2. The drive to exchange our thoughts with others. Humans are driven to learn from one another and share their experiences, reflections, plans and goals.

Question 250

What specific features of the Monet and Picasso paintings were used to differentiate them in the study?

Answer 250

The honeybees were trained to differentiate between paintings of Monet and Picasso based on the arrangement of the shapes and colours in each painting.

Question 251

True or Fakse: Suddendorf’s criticism of the raven experiment was that the criteria to establish foresight was not exact enough.

Answer 251

TRUE

Question 252

What are the 6 unique human traits proposed by Thomas Suddendorf?

Answer 252

Language, Mental Time Travel, Mind Reading, Morality, Culture, Abstract Explanations and Predictions

Question 253

Animal and human cognition differ in complex scenario building in that while some animals engage in basic scenario building, it is generally believed that complex scenario building is a unique human capability. Why is this believed to be the case?

Answer 253

While animals can engage in some level of scenario building, humans are believed to have a unique capability for complex scenario building. This is because humans have developed a highly sophisticated system of language that allows us to communicate about abstract concepts and hypothetical scenarios in great detail. Additionally, our ability to think abstractly and reason about cause-and-effect relationships enables us to imagine and plan for complex scenarios that have not yet occurred. These cognitive abilities are not present to the same extent in other animals, making complex scenario building a unique human capability.

Question 254

What can humans be categorised as? and why? Specialists and/or generalists

Answer 254

Humans can be categorised as both specialists and generalists as we can obtain expertise that are relevant, which allows us to be capable of adapting and anticipating to demand.

Question 255

In ‘Animal Minds’ why can the pigeon not recognize the ‘equal to or greater than’ bar pattern?

Answer 255

This type of thinking involved abstract thought, and may be beyond the mental capabilities of a pigeon.

Question 256

True or false: Pigeons can familiarise themselves with a set of images and determine which ones contain trees and which ones do not, and then memorise these in order to respond correctly (by pecking a screen) and receive food. However, when shown new unseen images, they struggle to identify which ones contain trees.

Answer 256

False. They form a concept of trees in their mind from the original set of images and they can then extrapolate this in order to correctly identify trees in unseen images.

Question 257

In the “Animal Minds” youtube video, what concepts in the realm of the abstract thought CAN’T the pigeon comprehend?

Answer 257

The concepts of equal to or greater than.

Question 258

finish the sentence: Two critically human characteristics highlighting the human-animal difference are…

Answer 258

Nested scenario building and the urge to connect.

Question 259

What are two proposed models that suggest the visual learning of bees?

Answer 259

1. visual learning is determined by mechanistic hardwired circuits 2. visual learning is a plastic system based on multiple mechanisms

Question 260

Explain the phrase “absence of evidence is not evidence of absence”

Answer 260

The lack of something does not necessarily mean it does not exist or did not occur. It is a common scientific phrase to caution not to draw conclusions prematurely

Question 261

Why might a honeybee have the ability to visually learn and differentiate Monet and Picasso Paintings?

Answer 261

Honeybees have to be able to know which flowers are the best for pollen, meaning it needs to be able to visually distinguish these plants.

Question 262

When considering features of human cognitive capacity, what is nested scenario building?

Answer 262

Nested scenario building is a distinctly human trait that allows us to mentally simulate hypothetical situations and plan for the future. Various mental models are “nested” within each other, to anticipate a range of outcomes.

Question 263

What is the main finding of the study mentioned in the article “honeybees can discriminate between Monet and Picasso paintings”?

Answer 263

The study found that honeybees can learn to distinguish between paintings by Monet and Picasso and recognize their unique styles.

Question 264

How did the researchers rule out the possibility that the bees were simply responding to differences in colour or brightness between the Monet and Picasso paintings?

Answer 264

The researchers used a technique called “visual rotation” to present the same paintings to the bees in multiple orientations, effectively scrambling any differences in colour or brightness. Despite this manipulation, the bees were still able to distinguish between the two paintings, indicating that they were responding to more subtle differences in the paintings’ features.

Question 265

True or False? Honeybees are able to learn to recognise and process human faces using a process called configural processing.

Answer 265

True.

Question 266

Define deliberate practice

Answer 266

The rehearsal of actions aimed at improving future performance

Question 267

What is counterfactual thinking and why does Suddendorf suggest that it is important for human cognition?

Answer 267

Counterfactual thinking refers to the ability to imagine alternative scenarios to past events. Suddendorf suggests that this ability is important for human cognition because it allows us to learn from our mistakes, to plan for the future, and to develop creative solutions to problems.

Question 268

Anne is about to graduate high school and dreams of being a lawyer. In order to see if this really is the career for her, she decides to ask her a family friend (who is a lawyer) about their experience. What unique human characteristic mentioned by Suddendorf is she using?

Answer 268

Connecting our minds. She is employing our unique capacity to learn from another person’s experiences to get advice. This way, she can shape her future in more a deliberate way by acquiring more information about her potential career choice.

Question 269

What does Suddendorf mention as a major problem when drawing a conclusion in research that examines non-human feats of intelligence? A) Researchers often use methodology that is flawed B) It is difficult to distinguish between results that are explainable by a demonstration of high intelligence and ones that are explainable by more simple processes C) Animals are capable of deliberate practice D) Animals are more intelligent than we often assume

Answer 269

B) It is difficult to distinguish between results that are explainable by a demonstration of high intelligence and ones that are explainable by more simple processes

Question 270

What skills have honeybees been shown to possess according to Wu et al., 2012?

Answer 270

bees have been shown to: - discriminate complex forest scenes - be capable of categorizing images from natural scenes such as different flower shapes - have been shown to display numerical pro-cessing abilities, - solve delayed-matching-to-sample tasks, - learn abstract rules and concepts, and transfer these to novel stimuli and tasks, even to different sensory modalities

Question 271

True of False: In experiments by Professor John Pierce from Cardiff University in Wales, pigeons were able to learn that a Picasso but not a Monet painting will lead to food. Pigeons would peck at Matisse paintings, presumably because Matisse paintings look very similar to Picasso paintings and they had learned that only Picasso paintings lead to food.

Answer 271

true

Question 272

Which images were pigeons not able to discriminate and why?

Answer 272

Pigeons were not able to discriminate the images depicting the equal to/greater than bars. This is because they are not able to grasp this concept or think abstractly about the images.

Question 273

According to Suddendorf (2018), what are the two main features critical for the human-animal difference?

Answer 273

Nested scenario building (our ability to imagine alternative situations, reflect on them, and embed them into larger narratives of related situations) and our urge to connect (our deep-seated drive and capacity to exchange our thoughts with others).