Class 10: Group decision making and behavioural insights Flashcards
1
Q
What are the four steps in completing goals of a policy intervention as outlined by the Behavioural Insights Team?
A
- Define the outcome 2. Examine the content 3. Create the policy 4. Assess effectiveness
2
Q
What is an example of a nudge?
A
Posters in the bathroom reminding people to wash their hands thoroughly before returning to a shared public space
3
Q
Define nudging?
A
A concept that refers to using subtle and indirect methods to influence people’s behaviour in a positive way without restricting their choices or imposing significant costs on them.
4
Q
What is an example of a “warning” type of nudge?
A
Graphic images on cigarette boxes.
5
Q
name 3 of the 10 important nudges in society from the paper “Nudging a very short guide’
A
- Default rules (automatic enrolment I things has shown to benefit people greatly) 2. Simplification (complexity causes confusion, make it super easy to understand) 3. Use of social norms (“most people do it” encourages the right behaviour) 4. Increase in ease and convenience (make it low cost, more visible, super easy to get) 5. Disclosure (disclosure reports give people confidence that they is nothing dodgy) 6. Warnings, Graphic or otherwise (If serious risks are involved, show the issues in pics) 7. Precommitment strategies (people commit to the process before committing to the action – early world gym membership before it opens) 8. Reminder (helpful to provide people with opportunity to remember) 9. Eliciting implementation intentions (posing the question in the way you want them to answer, eg, do you plan to vote) 10. Informing people of the mature and consequences of their own past choices (When people are made aware of their bad decisions in the past they are likely to change)
6
Q
What is the purpose of nudging?
A
It is to help people make better decisions that will align with a persons own interests.
7
Q
what is the Egger’s test used for
A
used to check for publication bias based on the funnel plot
8
Q
What is the definition of a “Nudge”
A
Liberty-preserving approaches that steer people in particular directions, but that also allow them to go their own way
9
Q
Which of the following is a potential limitation of nudging interventions, according to Mertens et al. (2022)? A. They may not be suitable for promoting behavior change in individuals with low motivation. B. They may be too expensive to implement on a large scale. C. They may lead to unintended consequences, such as decreased autonomy or increased resistance to change. D. They may not be effective in promoting behavior change in individuals with high levels of self-control.
A
C
10
Q
What does the EAST framework stand for?
A
Easy, Attractive, Social, Timely
11
Q
What does the EAST framework stand for? A) Exaggerated, Attractive, Static and Tenable B) Easy, Attractive, Social and Timely C) Easy, Attainable, Social and Tenable D) Exaggerated, Attainable, Static and Timely
A
B) Easy, Attractive, Social and Timely
12
Q
What is the difference between a nudge and a mandate, according to Sunstein?
A
According to Sunstein, a nudge is a choice-preserving approach that aims to influence behavior in a positive way by making certain options more salient or appealing, while a mandate is a requirement or restriction that limits or eliminates certain options.
13
Q
What are the ten important nudges?
A
default rules, simplification, social norms, ease and convenience, disclosure, warnings, precommitment strategies, reminders, implementation intentions and informing of nature and consequences of choices.
14
Q
True or False: Painting lines in the middle of the road to influence people to stay to one side is a Nudge
A
True; This is a small change to environmental stimuli that influences behaviour to a profound level by reducing car accidents
15
Q
According to “Nudging: A Very Short Guide” by Cass R. Sunstein, what is an example of a successful nudge? A)Putting up signs threatening punishment for littering, B) Adding a tax on junk food or C) Making healthy food options more visible and attractive in a cafeteria
A
C) Making healthy food options more visible and attractive in a cafeteria
16
Q
What does the concept of Nudging refer to?
A
Small changes to environmental stimuli can influence behaviour to a large effect
17
Q
True or False: The two approaches for implementing nudges are relying entirely on existing institutions or creating a new institution, such as a behavioural insights team.
A
False. The passage mentions both approaches, relying entirely on existing institutions and creating a new institution, as potential methods for implementing nudges. It discusses the advantages and disadvantages of each approach, and notes that both approaches may prove complementary.
18
Q
According to the EAST framwork, how can one create more effective nudges?
A
Easy: Simplify the message and process Attractive: Make desired behaviors appealing Social: Utilize social norms and networks Timely: Time interventions strategically
19
Q
According to the ‘Decision Lab’ site, what is the is the purpose of nudging?
A
Nudging describes choice architects’ ability to influence the public’s choices through purposeful design. Nudging creates an environment in which one is free to choose, but certain decisions are more cognitively taxing than others.
20
Q
What is the scientific name for “nudges?”
A
Choice architecture interventions
21
Q
Changing the default settings on a printer to double-sided printing to encourage people to conserve paper, while still allowing them to change the setting to single-sided if they prefer demonstrates which type of nudging?
A
Default Nudging
22
Q
How does ‘nudging,’ also known as choice architecture interventions, work?
A
They focus on the design of choice environments that facilitate personally and socially desirable decisions without restricting people in their freedom of choice.
23
Q
How does Sunstein distinguish between the concept of nudging and other related concepts, such as persuasion, manipulation, and coercion?
A
Sunstein distinguishes nudging from persuasion, manipulation, and coercion by emphasizing that nudges aim to influence behavior while preserving freedom of choice, and do not involve deception, force, or hidden motives.
24
Q
Fill in the Blank: The concept of nudge is based on the idea that people are ___________ in their decision-making.
A
Irrational
25
How successful are choice architecture interventions?
The majority will promote the desired behavior change, however approx 15% of interventions are likely to backfire, i.e., reduce or reverse desired behavior,
26
What is libertarian paternalism?
Libertarian paternalism is the idea that institutions can influence behavior in ways that promote individual well-being, while also respecting freedom of choice.
27
What is the fundamental aim of choice architecture interventions?
Choice architecture interventions aim to facilitate access to decision-relevant information by increasing its availability, comprehensibility and personal relevance to the decision-maker.
28
True or false: Nudging is a form of coercion that forces individuals to make a certain decision.
False. Nudging is a form of influence that aims to guide individuals towards making better decisions without restricting their freedom of choice. As explained by Sunstein (2014), nudges are interventions that alter people's behavior in a predictable way without forbidding any options or significantly changing their economic incentives. Nudges can take various forms, such as changing the default option or providing social norms feedback, but they always respect people's autonomy and leave them with the option to opt out. Therefore, nudges do not use force or coercion to compel people to behave in a certain way, but rather provide gentle guidance towards the preferred option.
29
Name a reaons the 'Social' aspect of the EAST frameowrk is important.
Any of these answers can be correct: 1) People are highly influenced by the thoughts, approval, and behavior of others (Bandwagon Effect). 2) People enjoy doing things as part of a group. 3) Holding ourselves accountable to someone else increases likelihood of success.
30
Making policies with as minimal effort as possible is the description of which ideal of the EAST framework?
Easy
31
What is a risk associated with the nudge of warnings or graphics such as labelling on cigarette packets?
Individuals sometimes respond to these warnings by discounting them, assuming that bad outcome won' t happen to them.
32
What is nudging?
Nudging (aka nudge theory) is a concept that provides choice architects’ ability to influence the public’s choices through purposeful design. Essentially, nudging creates an environment in which one is free to choose, but certain decisions are more cognitively taxing than others. An example of this theory in everyday life as a consumer is where default options exist to nudge people towards a desired behaviour.
33
What does the abbreviation EAST stand for?
Easy, Attractive, Social, Timely
34
What type of nudge is it when a government campaign informs citizens that the majority of people in their community recycle?
Social norms nudge.
35
Fill in the blank : In the meta-analysis about nudges, the overall effect size of the interventions is very probably smaller than initially presented because of an alleged _______________ bias
Publication
36
According to Sunstein, what is nudging?
A nudge is a small intervention that is designed to influence behaviour in a certain way (usually positive), without limiting freedom of choice.
37
What is the relationship between silicon-based life and artificial intelligence?
Silicon-based life and artificial intelligence are both concepts about life and intelligence. Artificial intelligence is a technology that simulates human intelligence through computer programs and machine learning technology, while silicon-based life is a hypothetical life form based on silicon rather than carbon. There is no direct connection between the two, but they both represent the exploration and understanding of life and intelligence.
38
How did Mertens et al. (2022) classify the different types of nudges used in the included studies?
Mertens et al. (2022) classified nudges into four categories: (1) changes in the presentation or framing of information, (2) changes in the default setting, (3) changes in the physical environment or choice set, and (4) changes in the social environment.
39
What is an example of a "reminder" type of nudge?
Emails or text messages of an upcoming appointment.
40
What is the EAST Framework?
The EAST Framework describes a concept for implementing policy. It stands for: Easy - Policy should be easy to implement with minimal obstacles Attractive - Any policy should be noticeable and regarded positively Social - Policy should benefit and be encouraged by groups of people Timely - Policy needs to be implemented at the appropriate time to be effective
41
Please explain in brief detail the "S" in the EAST framework...
"S" in the EAST framework stands for social. Individuals have the tendency of being influenced by the thoughts and approval from others. One technique to influence behavior change is to convince that the majority of people have implemented and engaged in the preferred behavior.
42
What is one of the most effective method of nudging?
Setting programs as default e.g. default health care program
43
For one of the way to apply motheds for implement nudges(Rely entirely on existing institutions).It has been proved highly successful by applying________.
numerous nudges
44
What is a nudging intervention?
It is a form of choice architecture that aims to influence people's behaviour by changing contexts. From this, it is designed to be subtle, and use positive reinforcement to encourage desirable behaviour
45
In the meta-analysis of nudging, Mertens et al. (2022) found that nudging had the strongest effects in which behavioural domain? a) food choices, b) financial choices c) health choices d) pro-social choices?
a) food choices
46
Is it more effective to highlight what most people actually do or what most people think people should do when using social norms?
most people think people should do
47
One person joined a weight loss club where there were many people who also wanted to lose weight, and the coach of the club created accountability among all of them, with each person having the responsibility to monitor the weight loss of the others. After a period of time the club's weight loss failure rate was reduced. Judgment is right or wrong: This case shows the trend effect
Wrong. In this case, the coach used social norm to foster a bond between the members of the club. The responsibility given to each member drove the members to monitor each other, and in the process of monitoring, the members' own sense of responsibility for weight loss was strengthened.
48
How can publication bias potentially artificially inflate coen's d values in metanalytic research?
By not publishing this data it fails to allow meta-analyses access to the data, potentially inflating the value of coen's d.
49
What do the letters in EAST framework represent?
E – Easy, A – Attractive, S – Social, T – Timely.
50
true or false: despite the growing interest in choice architecture, only a few attempts have been made to quantitatively integrate the empirical evidence on its effectiveness as a behaviour change tool.
TRUE
51
How does nudging work?
It guides individuals towards making better choices without restricting their freedom of choice.
52
If you are emphasising what most people would normally do such as "most people plan on voting", what type of nudge are you implementing?
You would be implementing a nudge that employs the use of social norms.
53
TRUE or FALSE: A nudge is a form of coercion that restricts people's freedom of choice.
False. A nudge is a gentle or subtle push that guides people towards making choices without restricting their freedom of choice.
54
What are some examples of nudges that have been used successfully to influence behavior, according to Sunstein?
Sunstein provides several examples of nudges that have been used successfully to influence behavior, including: placing healthy foods at eye level in a cafeteria, using default options to increase organ donation rates, and providing energy consumption feedback to households to encourage conservation.
55
What is the attention-behaviour gap?
When limited attentional capacities and a lack of self-control acts as a barrier and prevents a person's decisions from translating into the desired actions, even when the decisions made are deliberate and rational.
56
What is the main finding of the meta-analysis conducted by Mertens et al. (2022) on the effectiveness of nudging? A. Nudging interventions are only effective in promoting positive behavior change in the domain of health and food choice. B. Nudging interventions are highly effective in promoting positive behavior change across all behavioral domains studied. C. Nudging interventions are not effective in promoting positive behavior change in any of the behavioral domains studied. D. Nudging interventions are most effective in promoting positive behavior change in the domain of environmental sustainability.
B. Nudging interventions are highly effective in promoting positive behavior change across all behavioral domains studied.
57
How does the level of influence that automatic biases and heuristics have on decision making change when decisions have a larger impact on the decision-makers life?
Decision makers will be less influenced by automatic biases and heuristics, making choice architecture interventions less impactful.
58
The gap between initial cost of a program and its eventual benefit plays into which part of the EAST framework?
Timely: people are more receptive to policies when they can clearly see the benefit, which is sometimes difficult to achieve when long-term programs have high up-front costs.
59
What did the meta-analysis mentioned in the "Nudged of a cliff article" state that nudges had the strongest effects on?
They found that nudges had the strongest effects on food-related decisions.
60
The main finding of Mertens's meta-analysis stated that nudges promote what?
promotes desired behaviours, with larger effects observed when nudges were combined with other interventions.
61
True or false? Nudging theory has received criticism for being manipulative as it can be a form of paternalism where authorities use nudges to steer people in a certain direction, assuming they know what’s best for everyone.
True.
62
Why are nudges described as 'soft paternalism'?
Nudges are properly described as 'soft paternalism' because they steer individuals in the right direction.
63
Measures that increase the visibility of otherwise covert information aim to provide decision makers with access to ________.
Information.
64
What type of nudges (from the 10 important nudges) are on cigarette packages?
Warnings and disclosure.
65
Choice Default is an element of choice architecture that pre-emptively guesses a person's most likely response. (True/False)
False: Choice Default sets a response that will be selected if no other response is made, such as automatically being signed up for a newsletter as part of registering a new product unless it's explicitly opted out of.
66
According to Sunstein (2014), nations all over the world are taking a growing interest in nudging because of four reasons, which are?
1. They impose low-to-no costs, 2. sometimes deliver prompt results, 3. they maintain freedom, 4. they can be highly effective
67
intention-behaviour gap
people have limited attentional capacities and lack self-control which can prevent decisions being translated into desired actions
68
Please explain in brief detail the "E" in the EAST framework...
"E" in the EAST framework stands for easy. One ways to best engage people to change their behavior is to make it as easy as possible. By setting the preferred decision easier to choose will increase the likelihood of the behavior to be adopted.
69
Why is the EAST framework controversial?
The framework is ultimately based on Nudging, which is heavily criticised as a rebranded form of Psychological Manipulation.
70
What are some ethical concerns regarding offical nuding to influence an individual's behaviour without their consent and how to fix it? (from "Nudging: A Very Short Guide" by Cass R. Sunstein)
The individual might feel that their full freedom of choice is taken when they have not provided explicit consent; therefore, it is essential to be transparent and open about offical nudging.
71
True or False: Policymakers can alter the levels of friction to make the preferred decision more difficult to choose.
False. Policymakers can alter the levels of friction to create more or less difficulty in competing behaviors. They make the preferred decision easier to choose, and by the same token, they make less preferred decisions more difficult.
72
Define what is the East Framework and provide an example of each.
4 ideals designate what a policy should involve: Easy - Making a policy with as minimal effort as possible such as implementing it during work time Attractive - attract both attention and use attractive incentives to promote a particular behaviour such as a work bonus Social - as social beings we are highly influenced by the thoughts and approval of others convincing multiple individuals to gain the most power such as through group activities Timely - utilising the correct timing to ensure the correct public perception such as health policy at stressful times
73
How does internal value and goals affect the effectiveness of nudging interventions?
A person's values and goals significantly affects the effectiveness of nudging interventions. If the nudging intervention does not align with their internal values and goals, it is less likely to be effective. The reason is because the person may feel conflict and is likely to resist and ignore the intervention. Thus, it is crutial to take these into consideration when developing nudging interventions to make sure it is effective.
74
Out of decision structure intervention, decision information intervention and decision assistance intervention, which require taking into account the personal values and/or goals of the subjects?
Decision information intervention and decision assistance intervention.
75
What are the 10 types of nudges outlined by Sunstein (2014)?
Default Rules, Simplification, Uses of social norms, Increases in ease and convenience, Disclosure, Warnings, Pre-commitment strategies, Reminders, Eliciting Implementation Intentions, Informing people of the nature and consequences of their past choices
76
What is the effect of describing social norms?
It facilitates the access to decison relevant information that can change/influenec behaviours e.g. The Alcott study showed that households which regularly received a letter comparing their own energy consumption to that of similar neighbors reduced their consumption by an average of 2%
77
According to Sunstein, what are nudges?
Liberty-preserving approaches that steer people in particular directions, but also allow them to go their own way.
78
According to Mertens et al., the effectiveness of nudges depends on the (BLANK 1), target (BLANK 2), and the (BLANK 3) being nudged.
1. Nudge type, 2. behavior, 3. population
79
What is the key difference between soft nudging and hard nudging? And generally, which type tends to be more effective?
Soft" nudges involve subtle changes in the choice structure that do not restrict people's freedom of choice. Hard nudges involve more aggressive tactics such as imposing mandates or restrictions. Generally speaking, soft nudges tend to be more effective
80
What is a meta-analysis?
Meta-analysis is through the use of statistics, combining multiple studies on a given topic. Through analysis of multiple studies, more conclusions can be drawn on a particular intervention or treatment
81
What does Sunstein's "Nudging: a very short guide" propose and how does it challenge traditional approaches to consumer behavior?
Sunstein proposes the idea of "nudging," which involves subtly influencing behavior through small changes in the environment rather than relying on traditional approaches such as incentives or punishments. This approach challenges the idea that consumers always act rationally and consciously, and suggests that small environmental cues can have a significant impact on behavior.
82
List some reasons explaining the growing interest in nudges.
They usually impose low (or no) costs, sometimes deliver prompt results, often result in significant economic savings, maintain freedom, can be highly effective, and in some cases, nudges have a larger impact than more expensive and more coercive tools.
83
True or False: The Decision Lab is a consultancy firm that focuses on applying behavioral science to improve decision-making in various industries.
Answer: True. Explanation: The Decision Lab is a think tank and consultancy firm that specializes in the application of behavioral science to improve decision-making in various industries. They provide research, analysis, and customized solutions to help organizations better understand human behavior and make more effective decisions.
84
Give one example of a nudge used by the government
Graphic photos displaying the effects of the use of cigarettes.
85
What is a flaw in the rational agent model in terms of people's access to information?
It implies that people make decisions based on weighing the cost and benefits of all available options to identify the most favourable. However, the issue with this is that people rarely have access to all relevant information when making a decision.
86
Define the item "Nudging".
Nudging: a subtle policy shift that encourages people to make better choices for themselves, without imposing significant economic or regulatory burdens on them.
87
True or False: Nudges are always effective in changing people's behavior.
False. Nudges can be effective in certain contexts and for certain behaviors, but may not work for everyone or in all situations.
88
True or False: The four steps involved in completing policy interventions are (1) Define the outcome (2) Examine the context (3) Increase ease and convenience (4) Assess effectiveness.
False: (3) Increasing ease and convenience is incorrect as it is not related to implementation intentions in policy interventions. It is one of the 10 important nudges, but not part of the four steps. The correct four steps are (1) Define the outcome, (2) Examine the context (3) Create the policy, and (4) Assess effectiveness.
89
In what ways do nudges reflect broader societal trends towards personalization and individualization, and what are some of the implications of this trend?
Nudges reflect broader societal trends towards personalization and individualization by tailoring interventions to individual preferences and behaviors, which may have implications for issues such as social cohesion and collective decision-making.
90
What is the difference between nudging and mandating behaviour change?
Nudging involves designing interventions that influence behaviour in a positive way without restricting freedom of choice, while mandating behaviour change involves imposing requirements or penalties to enforce desired behaviours.
91
What does the acronym EAST stand for?
Easy, Attractive, Social, Timely
92
True or False: The EAST Framework is a set of six principles for designing behavior change interventions based on the latest findings in behavioral science.
Answer: False. Explanation: The EAST Framework is a set of four principles for designing behavior change interventions based on the latest findings in behavioral science. The principles are Easy, Attractive, Social, and Timely, and they provide a framework for policymakers and practitioners to design interventions that are more likely to be effective in changing behavior.
93
What is libertarian paternalism? A) The belief that government should not intervene in personal choices B) The belief that government should force people to make certain choices C) The belief that government should nudge people towards making certain choices
C) The belief that government should nudge people towards making certain choices
94
According to Stuart Richie, what is the fundamental problem with using the term "nudges"?
It reduces a wide range of interventions that influence behaviour down to a single catchy idea, often without taking into consideration the differences between the contexts.
95
What is the purpose of choice architecture interventions?
The purpose of choice architecture interventions is to facilitate access to decision-relevant information by increasing its availability, comprehensibility, and/or personal relevance to the decision maker. These interventions can involve providing social reference information, increasing the visibility of otherwise covert information, or changing the decision structure by utilizing contextual cues to influence behavior. An example of a choice architecture intervention is choice default, where a preselected option is imposed if no active choice is made.
96
What is nudging?
To influence behavior through small changes in the environment without limiting the freedom of choice.
97
True or False Any official nudging should be hidden and covert.
False
98
What psychological barriers do individuals face when making a choice and what intervention category does this fall under?
'- Limited access to decision-relevant information > decision information: increase the availability, comprehensibility and relevance of the info - Limited capacity to evaluate and compare choice options > decision structure: alter utility of choice options through the arrangement of the decision environment or the format of the decision making - Limited attention and self-control > decision assistance: facilitate self-regulation
99
Which of the following is NOT an example of a nudge a) A text message informing you a bill is due b) Graphic warnings for cigarettes c) A fine for violating the speed limit d) An alarm clock
c) is not a nudge, it is a punishment
100
What is involved in the ‘attractive’ component of the EAST framework?
The attractive component aims to make the desired behaviour appealing for its audience. This may involve using salient images, colours, and personalised details to get people’s attention. To increase uptake, attractive incentives may also be used to promote behaviours, such as providing financial rewards.
101
True or False? EAST stands for Easy Applicable Social Timely
False. A stands for Attractive.
102
Although nudging has often been thought of as soft paternalism, nudging ensures liberty of choice because…?
Nudging ensures an individual’s freedom of choice!
103
What should a warning be accompanied by that research shows will lower the chances of people discounting it?
A description of the concrete steps that people can take to reduce the relevant risk (‘you can do X and Y to lowers your risk’)
104
___________are interventions that involve the way in which choices are presented or structured, often without restricting choice options, with the aim of influencing behavior.
Choice Architecture Interventions
105
What are default rules?
Default rules are the rules that apply automatically in the absence of an explicit choice by the decision-maker.
106
True or False: Digital nudging is the use of online platforms and algorithms to nudge people's behavior, which raises concerns about privacy and manipulation.
TRUE
107
What is the conclusion drawn by the Stuart Ritchie in "Nudged off a cliff" of the meta-analysis and publication bias?
Some nudges seem to have a real impact, although smaller than we've been told.
108
Overreliance on nudging as a policy tool and highlights potential includes what risk and limitations?
Nudging may lead to unintended consequences, where the intervention might not produce the desired outcome or might even cause harm. Additionally, nudging can be perceived as manipulative, making people feel as if their choices are being controlled or influenced without their awaress.
109
True or false: Nudging is only effective in promoting healthy behaviours, such as exercising and eating nutritious food.
False. The meta-analysis conducted by Mertens et al. (2022) found that nudging can effectively promote a wide range of behaviours, including pro-environmental behaviors, charitable donations, and financial decisions. The effectiveness of nudging varied depending on the specific behavior and the choice architecture intervention used. For example, changing the default option was found to be particularly effective in promoting pro-environmental behaviors, while providing social norms feedback was effective in promoting charitable donations.
110
Provide some example of how nudging could be used to promote environmentally-friendly behaviour to reduce climate change?
1. making environmentally-friendly behaviour more attractive - eg. providing incentives to recycling 2. making environmentally-friendly behaviour more convient - eg. placing recycling bins in more locations that are more convient for everyone 3. prompting environmentally-friendly behaviour to be more visible - eg. posters, advertisements and talks about the environmentally-friendly behaviour and the effects of doing these behaviours
111
Which of the following best describes the effectiveness of precommitment strategies in helping people achieve their goals? a. Precommitment strategies have no effect on an individual's ability to achieve their goals b. Precommitment strategies may help individuals achieve their goals, but only if their goals are small and easily attainable c. Precommitment strategies have been shown to be effective in helping individuals achieve their goals, especially when they commit to a specific action at a precise future moment in time d. Precommitment strategies are only effective for individuals who have a strong willpower and do not struggle with procrastination
Answer: C. Precommitment strategies have been shown to be effective in helping individuals achieve their goals, especially when they commit to a specific action at a precise future moment in time. Research suggests that precommitment strategies can be helpful for individuals with a range of goals and can increase motivation and decrease procrastination.
112
Why is the Timely aspect of East important?
Because utilising the correct timing when implementing policy can be very important for public perception. People’s perceptions are influenced by context and their unique life situations.
113
What is "nudging"
Nudging, or choice architecture, is a way of intervening in people's decision making process by restructuring the physical, social, or psychological environment that they make decisions in, while still maintaining their freedom to choose however they wish
114
What is the aim of the meta-analysis conducted by Mertens et al. (2022) on nudging interventions? A. To investigate the effectiveness of various types of interventions in changing behavior. B. To identify the most effective interventions for promoting healthy eating habits. C. To compare the effectiveness of nudging interventions with traditional interventions. D. To examine the potential negative consequences of nudging interventions.
A
115
Matching question format: Match the following nudging interventions with their respective behavioral domains, as identified by the meta-analysis by Mertens et al. (2022). 1. Social norm feedback 2. Goal setting 3. Default option A) Health behaviors B) Environmental behaviors C) Financial behaviors
Answer: 1A, 2C, 3B
116
Which study characteristic was associated with a change in effect size in Mertens et al.’s (2022) meta-analysis? a) where the study took place b) whether the study was on children or adults, c) the type of study or d) the year the study was published?
d) year the study was published predicted the effect of interventions on behaviour, with more recent publications reporting smaller effect sizes than older publications
117
Should nudging be transparent or hidden?
Any official nudging should be transparent and open rather than hidden and covert
118
TRUE OR FALSE Nudging is definitely psychological manipulation
False, some people believe it can be classed as psychological manipulation however, others believe that if done right by disclosing what it is doing and not having any hidden agendas it is fine.
119
When using RoBMA to check the effect publication bias plays on the meta-analysis it was found that there was: A) weak evidence for bad publication bias B) no evidence for bad publication bias C) strong evidence for good publication bias D) strong evidence for bad publication bias
D) strong evidence for bad publication bias
120
What does the term 'nudging' refer to?
Nudging refers to changing small parts of a person's environment to influence their choices or behaviours in a particular direction.
121
What is the four-step process outlined by the BIT for completing the goals of a policy intervention?
1. Defining the outcome by setting specific goals and key metrics. 2. Examining the context to understand the constraints of the business or community being helped. 3. Creating the policy by drafting the intervention. 4. Assessing effectiveness by repeatedly reassessing the intervention's effectiveness through testing, learning, and adapting the resulting behavior to meet the established goals.
122
What are two possible approaches to institutionalize nudges, according to Sunstein (2014)?
1. relevant officials use and build on existing knowledge about nudging. 2. the creation of a new institution, specialized in behavioral insights such as nudging.
123
According to Sunstein, why are nudges often more effective than mandates or bans?
Nudges are often more effective than mandates or bans because they preserve individual freedom of choice while still influencing behavior in a desired direction.
124
T/F: According to Sunstein (2014), nudges are interventions that preserve freedom of choice while promoting behavior change.
True. According to Sunstein (2014), nudges are interventions that steer people in particular directions but do not significantly change their choices or restrict their options. They preserve freedom of choice while promoting behavior change.
125
According to Mertens et al. (2022), what are some of the limitations of nudging interventions?
Some limitations of nudging interventions include the potential for unintended consequences, the difficulty in maintaining long-term behavior change, and the need for ethical considerations in the use of nudges.
126
What is nudging?
Nudging is a concept introduced by Cass Sunstein that involves designing interventions that influence people's behaviour in a positive way without restricting their freedom of choice.
127
How, according to the EAST framework, can we make something more attractive?
Give incentives to do the behaviour or make the behaviour more enjoyable.
128
True or false: Nudging is a one-size-fits-all approach that works equally well for all individuals regardless of their age, gender, and cultural background.
False. The effectiveness of nudging interventions can depend on individual factors such as age, gender, and cultural background. For example, the meta-analysis conducted by Mertens et al. (2022) found that the effectiveness of nudges in promoting healthy eating can be influenced by individual differences in food preferences and cultural norms. Additionally, the effectiveness of nudges can depend on contextual factors such as the timing and frequency of the intervention. Therefore, it is important to carefully tailor nudging interventions to the specific context and population to maximize their effectiveness.
129
What are some of the limitations of nudging?
Ethical concerns, potential unintended consequences, uncertain long-term effects, and the diminishing effectiveness over time.
130
Tying a specific situational cue to a specific response or action. Involves specifying when, where, and how a particular behaviour or action shall be performed.
Implementation intentions People are aslo more likely to engage in activity if someone elicits their implementation intention Proves successful in making people commit to their planned actions
131
What are 3 limitations of the rational agent model?
1) limited access to information 2) limited engagement in the assumed costly weighing of cost/benefits 3) limited action once the decision is take
132
What conclusion was made after a Bayesian analysis (correcting for publication bias) was conducted on the meta-analysis showing that nudges were effective in changing behaviour?
No evidence remained that showed that nudges are an effective tool for behaviour change.
133
What is the main goal of nudging? a) To force people to make certain choices b) To encourage people to make better decisions for themselves c) To trick people into making choices they would not otherwise make
b) To encourage people to make better decisions for themselves
134
Is the ultimate goal of nudge theory to preserve personal choice? (Y/N)
Yes, nudging is designed to take the burden out of decisions and make it easier for people to select their choice with nudging being open and transparent rather than covert.
135
What are the 10 important nudges identified by Sunstein?
Default rules, simplification, use of social norms, increases in ease and convenience, disclosure, warnings, reminders, eliciting intentions & informing people of the nature and consequences of their own past choices.
136
Why is there growing interest in nudges?
They impose low costs, they sometimes deliver prompt results (including significant economic savings), maintain freedom and can be highly effective (sometimes more than expensive and more coercive tools).
137
What are some examples of nudges?
GPS, text messages that remind bills are due or a doctor appointment, alarm clock, the warnings on smoke packets nutritional facts.
138
True or false: One advantage of nudging is that it preserves liberty and choice while still influencing behaviour
TRUE
139
True or False: Default rules are not effective nudges because people should always be required to actively choose.
False. efault rules can be highly effective nudges. Default rules are often used in situations where it is too burdensome or time-consuming to require people to choose actively, and they can lead to significant improvements in outcomes, such as increased savings or improved environmental protection. However, it may sometimes be appropriate to require people to make an active choice, rather than relying on a default rule. Therefore, it is not accurate to say that default rules are not effective nudges because people should always be required to actively choose.
140
What are the purpose of nudges?
They can steer people in a certain direction, serve to make life easier and safer, aid in goal achievement.
141
By Allcott's experiemnt among 600,000 US households,descriptive social norms in promoting energy conservation has been proved by similar neighbors reduced their consumption by an average of 2%,is this ture or false?
TRUE
142
What does EAST stand for? a) Easy, applicable, social and timely b) Ethical, attractive, simple and thoughtful c) Easy, attractive, social and timely
c)Easy, attractive, social and timely
143
What are the four ideals that make up the EAST framework?
The EAST Framework is composed of four ideals, which designate that a policy should be Easy, Attractive, Social, and Timely.
144
Nudging
Architects’ ability to influence the public’s choices through purposeful design In essence, nudging creates an environment in which one is free to choose, but certain decisions are more cognitively taxing than others
145
What are the "Ten Important Nudges"?
Default rules, Simplification, Uses of social norms, Increases in ease and convenience, Disclosure, Warnings, graphic, or otherwise, Precommitment strategies, Reminders, Eliciting implementation intentions, Informing people of the nature and consequences of their own past choices
146
What are some negatives of nudging?
It can be portrayed as manipulative if people are not aware that they are being nudged. Also, it can be used for bad ethical purposes.
147
Recall: What are the 4 ideals that make up the EAST Framework for public policy?
East, Attractive, Social, Timely
148
How do nudges maintain freedom of choice?
The goal is often to make life simpler, safer, and easier, for people. They are specifically designed that way because they do not force people to make a particular choice.
149
In your own words, explain what "nudging" or a "nudge" is in the context of judgement and decision making.
A nudge (or choice architecture intervention) is a small change to an aspect of one's environment designed to subtly change or influence their behaviour.
150
What are nudges specifically designed to do compared to other types of policies (such as mandates or bans)?
Preserve full freedom of choice.
151
What is the main focus of the paper "Nudging: A Very Short Guide" by Cass R. Sunstein?
The main focus of the paper is to explain the concept of nudging and how it can be used to influence behavior in a positive way, while also respecting individual autonomy and freedom of choice.
152
When it comes to certain financial decisions, such as the full costs of certain credit cards, which category of nudge would it fall under?
Disclosure.
153
What does the EAST framework stand for?
It stands for Easy, Attractive, Social, and Timely
154
What was Mertens & Collegues 2022 main findings?
That choice architecture interventions affect behavior relatively independently of contextual study characteristics such as the geographical location or the target population of the intervention
155
What were the four steps that The Decision Lab outlined as part of the implementation plan to ensure sufficient planning for policies?
1. Define the outcome 2. Examine the context 3. Create the policy 4. Assess the effectiveness
156
What is nudging, and how does it work?
Nudging is a behavioral economics concept that refers to indirect and non-coercive interventions that guide people towards making better choices. It works by manipulating the environment in which people make decisions.
157
What is the potential harm of nudges when used in the context of the cliff edge effect?
The potential harm of nudges when used in the context of the cliff edge effect is that they can push people off the "cliff edge" into a worse situation without their awareness or understanding of the consequences.
158
Define what nudges mean in terms of policy?
Liberty-preserving approaches that steer people in particular directions but that also allow them to go their own way.
159
Please explain in brief detail the "A" in the EAST framework...
"A" in the EAST framework stands for attractive. One ways to best engage people to change their behavior is to make it attractive. For instance, in order for a policy to be taken up, the advertisement needs to be visually attractive by using salient images and colours.
160
What is Nudge theory?
Nudge theory refers to the concept of influencing people's behaviour by subtly altering the environment in which they make decisions. It suggests that small and simple changes in the context in which decisions are made can have a significant impact on behaviour.
161
According to Sunstein (2014), what is a feature of nudges that make them interesting for private as well as public institutions?
They are generally quite cheap.
162
What is a main criticism of nudging that Sunstein highlights, and how can this be overcome?
One of the main criticism Sunstein discusses is the potential for manipulation/trickery, which can lead to potentially unintended consequences. This can be overcome by ensuring transparency and accountability to ensure nudges are used appropriately and effectively.
163
What will be the future development of artificial intelligence and silicon-based life?
For the future development of artificial intelligence, it is generally believed that it will become one of the key technologies to promote social and scientific and technological development. The application of artificial intelligence in various fields will continue to increase. At the same time, with the development of technology, the intelligence level of artificial intelligence will continue to improve, which may even exceed human intelligence. As for the future development of silicon-based life, because the existence of silicon-based life has not been found at present, its future development trend cannot be predicted. However, with the continuous development of science and technology, maybe one day we can discover the existence of silicon-based life or create silicon-based life.
164
True or False: The effectiveness of nudges is based on manipulating people's emotions and exploiting their cognitive biases
TRUE
165
True or False: "Nudged off a cliff" is a study that provides a comprehensive analysis of the effectiveness of nudges across different domains.
Answer: False. Explanation: "Nudged off a cliff" is an article written by Stuart Ritchie, a psychologist and author, that discusses the potential risks and ethical concerns associated with nudging. The article does not provide a comprehensive analysis of the effectiveness of nudges, but rather explores the potential negative consequences and ethical considerations of nudging.
166
What does the E.A.S.T framework stand for?
Easy, Attractive, Social and Timely
167
What is one of the major criticisms of the meta-analysis produced by Mertens and colleagues on Nudge theory in 2022 as stated in the blog "Nudged off a Cliff" by Stuart Richie?
That there may have been significant suppression of unfavourable results due to publication bias.
168
According to Sunstein 2014, what are the 10 important nudges?
default rules, simplification, uses of social norms, increases in ease and convenience, disclosure, warnings/graphic/or otherwise, reminders, precommittment strategies, informing people of the nature and consquences of their own past choices and eliciting implementation intentions
169
The EAST Framework is designed to…
improve public policy by encouraging/nudging desired behaviours by making them easy, attractive, social or timely.
170
Through which ways does choice architecture influence decisionmaking?
Through presenting default options, the order of which it is presented, and the framing of the message.
171
What are nudges in the context of public policies?
Nudges are liberty-preserving approaches that steer people in particular directions, but that also allow them to go their own way. Nudges are designed to make life simpler, safer, or easier for people to navigate without imposing any form of coercion. They can be in the form of road signs, speed bumps, disclosure of health-related or finance-related information, educational campaigns, and public warnings, among others.
172
Which of the following is an example of a nudge? a) Mandating that people must exercise for an hour each day b) Offering a discount to customers who choose a healthier menu item c) Threatening to fine people who do not recycle
b) Offering a discount to customers who choose a healthier menu item
173
What is a main controversy of the EAST framework and its involvement with nudging?
Because of its paternalistic tendencies and ethical ambiguities, nudge theory has been criticized and said to be a rebranded form of psychological manipulation.
174
What is choice architecture?
Choice architecture is the design of the environment in which people make decisions, with the aim of influencing those decisions.
175
The nudge „reminder“ can be highly effective. However, what can influence the impact/ should be an important aspect when using this nudge?
Timing. Make sure that people can act immediately on the received information.
176
True or False: Nudges can be used to promote behaviors that are beneficial to individuals and society, such as healthy eating or environmental conservation.
TRUE
177
What is the advantage of using nudges over mandates and bans?
One advantage of using nudges over mandates and bans is that they avoid coercion while still promoting economic and other goals, including public health. Nudges usually impose low (or no) costs, deliver prompt results, maintain freedom of choice, and can be highly effective. They are sometimes found to have a larger impact than more expensive and more coercive tools, such as significant economic incentives. Additionally, nudges can be replaced or adjusted more easily than mandates and bans.
178
What is the aim of decision information provision?
Answer: The aim of decision information provision is to facilitate access to decision-relevant information by increasing its availability, comprehensibility, and/or personal relevance to the decision maker.
179
What is the EAST Framework?
A framework developed by the Behavioral Insights Team in 2012 that stands for Easy, Attractive, Social, and Timely. It provides a simple outline for policymakers to optimize their work using behavioral science.
180
Why might some critics argue against the use of nudges in consumer policy?
Critics might argue that nudges can be paternalistic, manipulating people's choices and infringing upon their autonomy. Others might question the effectiveness of nudges or worry that they could be used for nefarious purposes, such as encouraging unhealthy or environmentally harmful choices.
181
True or false? The 2022 meta-analysis on nudging found that nudging was more effective than traditional behaviour-change techniques
False - results showed that nudging promotes behaviour change with a small to medium effect size which is comparable to more traditional intervention approaches like education campaigns or financial incentives
182
publication bias
studies are more likely to be published if they have positive results/findings compared to studies with negative (null) results
183
what did the result suggestion about the observed effect size differences between the three categories of choice architecture interventions?
relatively stable and independent
184
According to Sunstein 2014, what is defined as 'nudging'?
liberty-preserving approaches that steer people in particular directions, but that also allow them to go their own way.
185
What are some of the most effective nudging strategies identified in Mertens et al.'s (2022) meta-analysis?
Some of the most effective nudging strategies include default options, social norms, and framing effects.
186
True or false: Does implementing the EAST framework require understanding a problem’s context and nature?
True! The EAST framework can not be implemented without a broader understanding of a problem’s context and nature.
187
What does the S in the EAST framework stand for?
Social - being a part of a group or interacting with others
188
What is silicon-based life?
Silicon-based life is a hypothetical life form, which is based on silicon rather than carbon. Silicon-based life may exist in theory, but it has not been discovered yet.
189
What are the 3 ways choice architecture interventions could help compensate the rational agent model’s 3 limitations?
by providing relevant information and making it more accessible by making the structure of the decision-making environment easier and simpler to navigate by commitment intervention such as reminders and encouragement
190
What is the EAST framework and what do the letters stand for?
The EAST framework provides a simple outline for policymakers to optimize their work using behavioral science and is designed to improve public policy by using nudging, social engineering, and other psychological and economic methods. The EAST Framework is composed of four ideals, which designate that a policy should be (E)asy, (A)ttractive, (S)ocial, and (T)imely.
191
What does the acronym 'EAST' stand for?
Easy. Attractive. Social. Timely.
192
Fill in the blank: Stephanie Merten et al. (2021) published a meta-analysis which found that “decision__” nudges are more effective that “decision __” nudges.
Structure, information
193
Which of the following is true about nudging? A. It involves forcing people to make certain choices. B. It involves providing people with information about the choices they make. C. It involves designing the environment to make certain choices more appealing. D. It involves providing people with incentives to make certain choices.
C
194
Which of the following is an example of a nudge that uses default rules? a. A sign reminding people to recycle b. A pricing strategy that offers a discount for purchasing in bulk c. Automatic enrolment in a retirement savings plan d. A display that shows how much energy a person is using in real-time
Answer: C. Automatic enrolment in a retirement savings plan is an example of a nudge that uses default rules.
195
What is the intervention category that can be used to alleviate the psychological barrier of limited access to decision-relevant information
Decision information: increase the availability, comprehensibility, and/or personal relevance of information
196
Fill in the blank: The EAST framework provides four principles for ____ behaviour.
Influencing
197
3. What is the goal of nudges?
To make life simpler, safer, or easier for people to navigate.
198
What is the unintended consequence in this scenario. Nudging an individual to take the stairs to increase physical activity, then the individual using the stairs as justification for consuming more unhealthy food.
Substitution effects.
199
Does simplicity matter in disclosure policies to make them effective for consumers?
Yes
200
Which of the following best describes the "E" in the EAST framework for behavior change? A. Enable B. Encourage C. Evaluate D. Engage
A. Enable
201
True or False: Action plans attached to policies are called "implementation intentions."
Ture
202
Judging True or False:EAST suggests that providing more information details would help to emphasize the topic.
False. Complex information and too much attention to detail will lead to the topic is more likely to be ignored.
203
Of the following, which two are examples of economic incentives or deincentives? Taxes on tobacco, stop signs, paying $2 extra for plastic bags, "R U okay" initiative
Taxes on tobacco, and paying $2 extra for plastic bags
204
What are the four ideals of the EAST framework?
Easy, Attractive, Social, and Timely
205
What is the concept of "nudge" in behavioural economics?
"Nudge" is a concept in behavioural economics that refers to using subtle and often unconscious cues to influence people's behaviour in a particular direction.
206
True or False: Nudging is a form of coercion that undermines people's autonomy.
False. Nudges are designed to be non-coercive and respect people's freedom of choice.
207
what is the nudge which suggest to inform people that most others are engaged in a certain behavior and for solving the current issue in Ten Important Nudges? A,Default rules B,Simplification C,Disclosure D,Precommitment strategies
B,Simplification
208
Which of the following is a key principle of nudging? A) Providing monetary incentives, B) Punishing undesirable behavior, C) Making desired behavior easy and attractive.
C) Making desired behavior easy and attractive
209
What is a framework?
A framework is something used to condense scientific research into smaller easier to understand bits of information that can be used by laypeople to teach people how to think, act, and make decisions in any industry or environment
210
How does a nudge differ from a traditional regulation?
A nudge is a less intrusive and less prescriptive intervention than a traditional regulation, and it seeks to influence behaviour in a subtle and non-coercive way.
211
What is the main topic of the article "Nudged off a cliff" by Sarah Ritchie? a) The benefits of nudging in public policy b) The potential dangers of using nudges to influence behavior c) The ethical considerations of nudging in the workplace
b) The potential dangers of using nudges to influence behavior
212
Undue complexity leads to unsuccessful programs and thus, in order to nudge individuals towards programs, implementation of…
Simplification creates a better chance of success
213
Fill in the blank question format: According to Sunstein, a successful nudge must be _________, in that it does not limit the options available to people.
Answer: Libertarian
214
fill in the blank: to test whether the effect sizes of the three intervention categories adequately represented differences on the underlying level of choice architecture techniques, we reran our analysis with ______, rather than category as the key moderator
intervention technique
215
What are the 4 ideals in the EAST framework
Easy, Attractive, Social, Timely.
216
How does Sunstein define a nudge?
Sunstein defines a nudge as any aspect of choice architecture that alters people's behavior in a predictable way without forbidding any options or significantly changing their economic incentives.
217
Which of the following is an example of a nudge that uses social norms? a. A sign reminding people to turn off the lights when leaving a room b. A pricing strategy that offers a discount for purchasing in bulk c. A display that shows how much energy a person is using in real-time d. A message informing hotel guests that most people in their room reuse their towels
Answer: D. A message informing hotel guests that most people in their room reuse their towels is an example of a nudge that uses social norms.
218
True or False: Nudges always involve changing the incentives or costs of certain behaviors.
False. Nudges can also involve changing the default option or providing information to encourage a certain behavior.
219
Is it true that social norms can reduce criminal behavior as well as behavior that is harmful whether or not it is criminal?
TRUE
220
Multiple choice question format: According to the meta-analysis by Mertens et al. on the effectiveness of nudging, which of the following is not a behavioral domain where nudging has been found to be effective? A) Health behaviors B) Environmental behaviors C) Financial behaviors D) Criminal behaviors
Answer: D) Criminal behaviors
221
What is an example of a "social norm" type of nudge?
Having your neighbours energy usage appear on your electricity bill.
222
Judgment is true or false: People whose lives have changed dramatically are more likely to accept new policies
True. According the EAST, people do not change our habits often, but the major life transition allow for drastic shifts in our habits.
223
What is the "social proof" nudge, and how is it used to influence behaviour?
The "social proof" nudge is a technique used to influence behaviour by showing people that others around them are already engaging in a particular activity.
224
What do many nudges aim to accomplish, and what are some examples of nudges that serve this purpose?
The goal of many nudges is to make life simpler, safer, or easier for people to navigate. Examples of nudges that serve this purpose include road signs, speed bumps, disclosure of health or finance-related information, educational campaigns, paperwork reduction, and public warnings. These nudges are intended to reduce people's burdens and ensure that they don't struggle when interacting with government or seeking to achieve their goals
225
True or False The metta analysis mentioned in STUART RITCHIE's article found that nudges had the strongest effects on finance-based decisions and smaller effects on food-related ones.
False
226
What type of nudge is it when a grocery store places healthy snacks at eye level and in prominent locations, and unhealthy snacks in less visible locations?
A choice architechture nudge.
227
Based on Martens et al., 2021, what are some things the effectiveness of nudging depend on?
The effectiveness of nudging can depend on specific context, the type of behaviour being targeted, and the population being studied.
228
What is the total number of important nudges for policy reported by Sunstein (2014)?
10
