Class 4: Thinking fast and slow Flashcards
This class focuses on the topics of dual-process theories of higher cognition and the conditions for intuitive expertise. These theories explore how our minds process information and make decisions using two distinct systems.
1
Q
True or False: According to the study of Kahneman and Klein, expert intuition is the result of various experience and complex heuristics and biases, while novice intuition is based on limited experience and relies on simple heuristics and biases.
A
False. Expert intuition is the result of extensive experience and practice in a particular domain, while novice intuition is based on limited experience and relies on simple heuristics and biases.
2
Q
According to Daniel Kahneman, how does System 1 generate answers to difficult questions?
A
To answer difficult questions, we substitute the difficult question for a related question that is easy to answer. For example, when deciding how much to pay for insurance we base our answer on how afraid we are.
3
Q
Out of the tasks below, which is NOT an example of a Type 2 process: 1. Solving a complex math problem 2. Resisting temptation 3. Recognising a familiar face
A
Answer: Option 3 (recognising a familiar face) Reasoning: - When we see a familiar face (option 3), we typically recognise it automatically, without much conscious effort. Although facial recognition can involve some cognitive processes such as attention and perception, it does not typically require deliberate, effortful mental processes like those involved in Type 2 thinking. - Contrastingly, solving a complex math problem (option 1) requires deliberate, effortful mental processes that involve reflective reasoning, working memory, and executive functions. - Similarly, resisting temptation (option 2) also involves deliberate, conscious mental processes that override automatic, impulsive responses.
4
Q
What is the perspective of Daniel Kahneman and Gary Klein on the role of intuition in decision-making, and how does this relate to the need for analysis and reflection?
A
Daniel Kahneman and Gary Klein argue that intuition plays a critical role in decision-making, particularly in complex and ambiguous situations where it can be difficult to use analytical methods. However, intuition can also be influenced by cognitive biases, and is more effective when it is informed by experience and knowledge. Therefore, Kahneman and Klein suggest that intuition should be combined with analysis and reflection to improve decision-making outcomes
5
Q
True or False: The most common method for defining expertise in HB (heuristics and biases) research is to rely on peer judgements.
A
FALSE: NDM research relies on peer judgement
6
Q
Define Dual Types
A
Terminology that implies that the dual processes are qualitatively distinct. Type 1 processes are (broadly) intuitive and Type 2 processes reflective.
7
Q
How does the Heuristics and Biases (HB) approach differ to the Naturalistic Decision Making (NDM) approach when it came to expert judgement?
A
The HB approach favors skepticism towards expertise and expert judgement, in contrast to the NDM approach of studying and learning from expert professionals.
8
Q
How do dual-process theories relate to the concept of rationality?
A
Dual-process theories suggest that rationality involves balancing intuitive and reflective processes in order to make accurate judgments and decisions. Rationality requires not only the ability to use reflective processes effectively, but also the ability to recognize when and how to override intuitive processes that may lead to bias or error.
9
Q
Relating to Daniel Kahneman - Two Systems in the Mind video: What mental operation system is used when automatic response is thought of when provided with a stimulus?
A
System 1 provides an automatic response to stimuli. For example, when I say the word vomit, most people would automatically think of the feeling disgust.
10
Q
What are the two approaches to intuition and expertise discussed in the article by Daniel Kahneman & Gary Klein?
A
Heuristics and biases (HB) and naturalistic decision making
11
Q
Define System 1 thinking and provide an example.
A
System 1 thinking is fast and automatic, and it happens without conscious effort. An example of System 1 thinking is when you automatically flinch or move your hand away from something hot or dangerous.
12
Q
Human thinking involves two distinct systems: System 1: a fast, intuitive, and automatic system. System 2: a slower, more deliberative, and effortful system. Judging whether it is right or wrong.
A
It is right. Reference: Dual-process theories of higher cognition: Advancing the debate. Perspectives on Psychological Science
13
Q
According to Kahneman and Klein’s (2009) article, what two conditions must be satisfied to develop skilled intuition?
A
1) an environment that is sufficiently regular to be predictable, and 2) an opportunity to learn these regularities through prolonged practice and feedback. In other words, to develop skilled intuition, individuals must have exposure to a consistent and reliable environment, and they must engage in deliberate practice and receive feedback over an extended period of time.
14
Q
Fill in the Blanks - ___________ processing is defined by its minimal demand on ___________ resources and tends to be rapid in nature.
A
Type 1; working memory
15
Q
True or False: Skilled judges are aware of the cues and biases that guide them.
A
False, Skilled judges are UNAWARE of the cues and biases that guide them
16
Q
Can we fully trust the intuition of experts/professionals?
A
No, although they are highly experienced in their fields, they can still have inappropriate applications of the heuristic processes.
17
Q
True or False: While doing type 2 thinking, you typically cannot carry out something else that is demanding of attention.
A
True. Attention is needed to perform type 2 thinking, and you have little attention left to perform other tasks.
18
Q
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of System 2 thinking: a) slow b) deliberate c) automatic d) effortful
A
d) automatic
19
Q
What can happen to individuals who make successful judgments and decisions by chance?
A
They may become susceptible to an illusion of skill and overconfidence.
20
Q
Define Cognitive Reflection
A
The ability to recognize and override automatic or intuitive responses generated by System 1 in favor of more reflective and deliberate responses generated in System 2
21
Q
What two conditions must be satisfied for intuitive judgement to have occurred, under the recognition model?
A
First, the environment must provide adequate cues to the nature of a given situation, and then, people must have the opportunity to learn relevant cues.
22
Q
T or F: the most effective cognitive strategies are analytical.
A
F, the most effective cognitive strategies involve a balance between intuitive and analytical processes.
23
Q
What is the distinction between two kinds of thinking
A
one fast and intuitive and the other slow and delibrative.
24
Q
Two conditions must be satisfied for skilled intuition to develop. These two conditions are?
A
1: An environment of sufficiently high validity. 2: Adequate opportunity to practice the skill.
25
Can intuition be used in all types of decision-making?
Intuition can be useful in many types of decision-making, but it may not be appropriate in situations that require a high level of precision or analysis.
26
How does Kahneman explain how System 1 can generate answers to impossible questions?
By substituting easy questions to answer hard ones, where heuristics of judgement are employed often automatically.
27
Name the different state of minds in Stanovich’s tripartite model of mind and which process they belong in.
Type 2 - Reflective Mind (individual differences in rational thinking) Type 2 - Algorithmic Mind (individual differences in fluid intelligence) Type 1 - Autonomous Mind (few individual differences)
28
What is the difference between System 1 thinking and System 2 thinking?
System 1: fast, intuitive, biased, and automatic System 2: slow, deliberate, abstract, and requires a certain amount of effort
29
true/false - cognitive resources can't be depleted as they are not physical resources
false - cognitive resources can be reduced or depleted through effortful processing (system 2)
30
According to Khaneman, which system do individuals activate when they use mental shortcuts (heuristics) to make decisions?
System 1
31
True or False. A true dual-process theory that distinguishes two types of process will imply the engagement of distinct cognitive and neurological systems
FALSE
32
How are chess grand masters able to rapidly identify the most promising moves in chess?
Chess grand masters are able to recognise complex patterns. Grand masters know approximately 50,000 to 100,000 recognisable patterns that allow them to identify good moves without having to calculate all possible outcomes.
33
What is the difference between Type 1 and Type 2 processing?
Type 1 processing refers to intuitive processes that are automatic and unconscious, while Type 2 processing refers to reflective processes that are deliberate and conscious.
34
According to Jonathan Evans, what did he emphasised in the definition of Type 2 processing?
It is slow, sequential, and correlated with measures of general intelligence and also suggested that Type 2 thinking enables uniquely human facilities.
35
Kahneman and Klein argue that expert intuition is often more reliable than analytical thinking in certain domains. What are some of the domains in which expert intuition is particularly useful?
The authors suggest that expert intuition is particularly useful in domains that involve well-structured problems with clear rules and immediate feedback, such as firefighting, chess, and medical diagnosis. In these domains, expert intuition can often lead to faster and more accurate decision-making than analytical thinking.
36
According to Daniel Kahneman's video "Two systems in the mind", what are the two ways of thinking?
Intuition and Computation/reasoning
37
True/False: In the RPD model, the performance of experts in-volves only an automatic process that brings promising solutions to mind.
FALSE
38
True or False: Dual-process theories suggest that there are two correlative systems involved in cognitive processing: an automatic, slow, and conscious system (System 1) and an unconscious, fast, and effortful system (System 2).
False Dual-process theories suggest that there are two separate systems involved in cognitive processing: a fast, automatic, and unconscious system (System 1) and a slower, conscious, and effortful system (System 2).
39
Describe the concept of loss aversion as described by Kahneman and explain how loss aversion could be overcome when it might influence decision making?
Loss aversion is the tendency to be more motivated to avoid losses than to achieve gains. To overcome loss aversion, it can be helpful to focus on the potential gains of a decision, rather than the potential losses.
40
What are the two conditions that must be fulfilled for intuitive judgement to be classified as 'genuinely skilled'?
1. The environment must provide valid cues to the nature of the situation. 2. People must have had the opportunity to learn the relevant cues
41
In the language of the dual-process models, which system creates intuitive judgments?
System 1 operations: automatic, quick, unconscious, and almost effortless.
42
What is the fundamental difference between the naturalistic decision making and heuristic bias approaches to expert judgment?
The Naturalistic decision making approach focuses on the marvels of successful expert judgements, whereas a heuristic bias approach focuses more on the flaws in human cognitive performance.
43
Are heuristics intuitions always unreliable?
No, they can be useful but sometimes they are less trustworthy than intuitions that are rooted in specific experiences. It is important to consider the validity of the environment in which that judgement was made.
44
According to Stanovich how does the hierarchy system work within the tripartite model of the mind?
The TASS will implement the autonomous mind (Type 1 processing) unless overridden by the inhibitory mechanisms of the algorithmic mind (Type 2 processing) which holds individual differences in fluid intelligence/cognitive ability. This processing is however subordinate to the higher-level goal states and epistemic and rational thinking dispositions of the reflective mind (Type 2 processing).
45
What is a Duel-Process?
A theory that Cognitive Tasks evoke two forms of processing that contribute to observable behaviour.
46
According to David Kahneman, if going shopping would it be more beneficial to our overall memory of the items we need, to memorise our shopping list or to visualise the path we would need to take around the shop to get those items?
It is easier for our brains to remember the items if we visualise the path, as it is less abstract to us than purely remembering words.
47
True or False? Automaticity is a characteristic of type 2 thinking and effort and deliberate attention is characteristic of type 1 thinking.
False (other way around)
48
According to Kahneman what are the functions of System 1?
Executing skills, maintaining and updating world knowledge, generating coherent reactions and causal 'stories' in relation to stimuli, and finally substituting easy questions to answer hard ones utilising the heuristics of judgment.
49
Why is it important to recognize the limitations of intuition in decision-making?
Intuition can be biased and influenced by factors such as emotions and cognitive biases.
50
Define attribute substitution?
Attribute substitution is described as an automatic process of producing intuitive judgments, in which a difficult question is answered by substituting an easier one.
51
What is the Recognition-Primed Decision (RPD) model?
It provides a framework for understanding how experts (eg. firefighters) make quick decisions in real world context base on their past experiences and knowledge.
52
What did Goldberg's 1970 study find about human judgment? (Kahneman & Klein, 2009)
When presented with the same information on separate occasions, humans often reach different conclusions.
53
What is the defining feature of Type 1 processing?
Autonomous processing
54
What is the main criticism of dual-process theories of higher cognition?
The main criticism of dual-process theories of higher cognition is that the distinction between System 1 and System 2 is oversimplified and that cognitive processes are more complex and interactive than the theory suggests.
55
In which criticism, Keren and Schul (2009) illustrated their argument: The different features of the cluster are not always observed together? A,Multiple and vague definitions are offered by various theorists; B,attribute clusters associated with dual systems do not consistently hold together; C,distinctions refer to a continuum of process- ing type rather than qualitatively distinct processes; D,single-process accounts can be offered for apparent dual-process phenomena; and E, the evidence base for dual-process theory is questionable.
B,attribute clusters associated with dual systems do not consistently hold together;
56
True or False: Perception has an element of prediction in it
True. For example, when you perceive an angry face, you also make predictions as to how the person would sound and behave.
57
True or false: Analytic or Type 2 processes are slow, controlled, effortful, rule-based, logical, and usually require working memory and attention.
TRUE
58
Fill in the blank: System 1 thinking is fast and _______________.
Automatic
59
What benefits does Alux mention from reading books?
Improved cognitive function, expanded vocabulary, increased empathy and emotional intelligence, and enhanced creativity.
60
True or false: Heuristic thinking (system 1 thinking) can always be controlled by the individual to such an extend that it does not affect the decision making process.
False, heuristics of judgment are often automatic and hence will at least have an implicit or subconscious impact on our decision making.
61
As explained by Daniel Kahneman, generating coherent reactions and casual stories is an important feature of which system in the mind
System 1
62
Fill in the blanks: Type 1 theories propose that cognitive processes are _____ (automatic/deliberate) and _____ (conscious/unconscious), while type 2 theories suggest that they are _____ (automatic/deliberate) and _____ (conscious/unconscious).
Type 1: automatic; unconscious Type 2: deliberate; conscious
63
Name two conditions for skilled intuition to develop.
adequate 1. high validity environment and 2. opportunity to practice the skill.
64
Sally is a maths student busily trying to work out a very difficult problem for her thesis. She has also been eating a lot more junk food. Daniel Kahneman would say this is because a) being busy makes you want to eat sugar b) during a busy period junk food packaging appears more salient or c) self-control decreases when you are expending a lot of mental effort elsewhere d) junk food manufacturers target busy people in their advertising
c
65
How can understanding the systems of thinking help us make better decisions?
Understanding the two systems of thinking can help us make better decisions by allowing us to recognise when we are relying too heavily on automatic, intuitive thinking (system 1) and when we need to engage in more deliberate, analytical thinking (system two).
66
According to David Kahneman, if we see a "10% fat" sign or a "90% fat-free" sign on packaged meat, and we see these signs on SEPERATE occasions, are we more likely to favour one of the signs over the other, and if so, which one?
Yes, more likely to favour "90% fat-free" sign as it requires less 'effort' for us to see the advantages
67
What is the difference between System 1 and System 2 in the context of intuition?
System 1 is an automatic, effortless, and involuntary process that produces intuitive judgments, while System 2 is a controlled, voluntary, and effortful process that involves deliberate activities and demands limited attentional resources.
68
What are the two kinds of thinking?
1. Intuition, this is 'fast' thinking 2. Computational Reasoning, this is 'slow' thinking
69
Two conditions that need to be met for intuitive skills development are _______ and _______.
An environment of sufficiently high validity; adequate opportunity to practice the skill
70
True or False? According to Dual-Process Theories, System 1 is responsible for rational decision-making.
False. Dual-Process Theories propose that System 1 processes are often automatic and unconscious, and are responsible for quick, intuitive judgments. System 2 processes, on the other hand, are slower, more deliberate, and more conscious, and are used for more complex reasoning tasks. It is System 2 processes that are generally associated with rational decision-making.
71
What are the five criticisms of dual-process theories?
Multiple and vague definitions have been offered, attribute clusters associated with dual systems do not consistently hold together, continuum of processing style, single-process accounts may be offered for dual-process phenomena, and evidence base for dual-process theory is questionable.
72
How can intuition be improved, according to Kahneman and Klein?
Kahneman and Klein argue that intuition can be improved through experience and feedback.
73
What is the name of the decision-making model that the authors describe as being used by experts to make rapid decisions based on similar situations from memory?
The decision-making model described by the authors is the "recognition-primed" model.
74
What are dual-process theories of higher cognition?
Dual-process theories of higher cognition propose that there are two distinct modes of cognitive processing: an intuitive, automatic, and fast mode (often referred to as System 1), and a more deliberative, controlled, and slow mode (often referred to as System 2). These two modes of processing work in tandem to support human reasoning and decision making.
75
According to Table 1 of the article by Evans & Stanovichs, requires cognitive memory, cognitive decoupling, and mental stimulation are defining features of which process?
Type 2 process (reflective)
76
True/False? The dual-process theory proposes that there are 2 distinctive cognitive processing systems: type 1 and type 2.
True.
77
What is the Meehl paradigm, and why is it controversial?
The Meehl paradigm sets professional intuition against algorithms, and it's controversial because algorithms are usually distrusted by the naturalistic decision-making community.
78
As stipulated by Kahneman & Klein (2009), what do critics of dual-process theories contend?
Critics dispute that there are two cognitive systems present, each with a cluster of defining attributes.
79
Describe Type 1 and Type 2 processing from the dual-processing theories (Evans and Stanovich, 2013)
Type 1 processing is automatic, intuitive, and fast, while Type 2 processing is deliberate, reflective, and slow
80
True or False: Self-control is impaired when we are engaged in effort in doing other things.
True. Eg. If you ask people to store 7 digits in memory and remember them, and then to perform another task while keeping those 7 digits in their head, they will make different choices and behave differently than they would if they didn’t hold 7 digits in their head. Given a choice between chocolate cake and fruit salad, they are more likely to choose chocolate cake if they have 7 digits in their head. EFFORT IMPAIRS SELF CONTROL. Self control is part of the limited resource system.
81
Were the eyes on the honesty box more effective than the images of flowers?
Yes, this is thought to be due to an unconscious effect of being watched and can operate without awareness. This is an example of an intuition we have in system 1, in comparison to system 2, as a consequence of the knowledge we have of the world.
82
Sally is an advertiser for Cadbury. How could Sally exploit buyers’ System 1 Processing to sell more Cadbury chocolate bars?
Sally could place chocolate bars at the register - when customers are going through the line, they may not have time for their System 2 Processing to kick in to evaluate whether the chocolate bar purchase is a smart choice. Additionally, with other stresses on their mind at the busy supermarket, customers may default to their System 1 processing.
83
What are the three major types of methods used to study dual-process theories?
The three major types of methods used to study dual-process theories are experimental manipulations, neural imaging, and the psychometric approach.
84
What are the two conditions that must be satisfied for skilled intuition to develop?
(1) an environment of sufficiently high validity and (2) adequate opportunities to practice the relevant skill.
85
True or false: Dual-process theories argues that individual differences in cognitive ability can impact the effectiveness of different cognitive processes.
TRUE
86
True or False. There are two two kinds of thinking, one is fast and intuitive, and the other is slow and uninformed
False. The other is slow and deliberative,
87
What is cognitive decoupling?
The ability to distinguish supposition from belief and to aid rational choices by running thought experiments
88
Why are the Dual-Process theories efficient at making decisions?
Type 1 thinking automatically forms a basis for decision-making, while Type 2 thinking takes over and potentially alter that decision based on deliberate reasoning.
89
What is not a criticism of dual-process theories addressed in Evans & Stanovich (2013) paper? A) Proposed attribute clusters are not reliably aligned B) Fails to adequately address neural mechanisms underlying decision making C) There is a continuum of processing styles, not discrete types D) Single-process accounts may be offered for dual-process phenomena
B) Fails to adequately address neural mechanisms underlying decision making
90
What does the term 'Naturalistic Decision Making' refer to?
Naturalistic Decision Making focuses on the success of expert intuition in instances where it has not been mislead by heuristics and biases
91
Explain the difference between system 1 and system 2 thinking according to Daniel Kahneman and provide examples of situations where each type of system thinking might be useful?
System 1 thinking is automatic, fast, and intuitive, while system 2 thinking is more deliberate, slow and analytical. System 1 thinking is useful in situations where quick decisions need to be made, such as in emergencies or routine tasks. System 2 thinking is more appropriate in situations that require careful consideration and reasoning, such as when solving complex problems or making important decisions.
92
What is naturalistic decision-making?
Naturalistic Decision Making (or NDM) is an approach that focuses on the success of expert intuition.
93
What is the "frequency heuristic," and how does it relate to dual-process theories of cognition?
The frequency heuristic is a cognitive bias that involves making judgments based on the ease with which examples come to mind. It relates to dual-process theories of cognition because it is thought to be a product of Type 1 processes, which rely heavily on intuitive, automatic judgments.
94
What are the defining characteristics of Type 2 processing?
cognitive decoupling and hypothetical thinking
95
What cognitive biases are associated with System 1 processing in dual-process theories of higher cognition?
System 1 processing is associated with several cognitive biases, including the availability heuristic, confirmation bias, and the affect heuristic. The availability heuristic is a cognitive bias in which individuals rely on information that is readily available in their memory when making judgments or decisions. Confirmation bias is the tendency to seek out and interpret information in a way that confirms pre-existing beliefs or expectations. Finally, the affect heuristic is a cognitive bias in which individuals make judgments and decisions based on their emotional reactions or gut feelings.
96
How do dual-process theories explain cognitive biases and errors?
Dual-process theories propose that cognitive biases and errors occur when intuitive processes override or bias reflective processes. For example, confirmation bias occurs when people selectively attend to and remember information that confirms their pre-existing beliefs, because this is more intuitive than considering disconfirming evidence.
97
In the tripartite model of the mind, developed by Stanovich, what are the reflective mind and the algorithmic mind referring to?
The reflective and algorithmic mind refer to modes within Type 2 processing. The reflective mind refers to individual differences in rational thinking dispositions, whilst the algorithmic mind refers to individual differences in cognitive ability/fluid intelligence.
98
True or False: Type 1 thinking is fast, but always loses out on accuracy
False: This is not always the case as expert intuition in many instances has been shown to be fast and remarkable accurate (e.g., Chess masters' evaluation of the next move in complex positions)
99
True or false: naturalistic decision making relies on the belief that expertise and intuition are inherently flawed when making decisions.
False. NDM is intiution-based.
100
True or False: Type 2 thinking can fail victim to heuristics
TRUE
101
True or False: All dual-process theories are the same
FALSE There are multiple and vague definitions offered by a variety of theorists
102
What are the defining features of Type 1 processing?
The two defining features of Type 1 processing are (1) it is autonomous and (2) does not require working memory.
103
What is the preferred method of comparison for HB researchers when evaluating the performance of professionals?
model
104
Why is cognitive decoupling thought to be necessary for hypothetical thought?
Cognitive decoupling is a central feature of Type 2 processing and makes hypothetical thinking possible because it involves the ability to decouple one's thoughts and imaginings from real-world situations. In order to reason hypothetically, individuals must be able to prevent their representations of the real world from becoming confused with representations of imaginary situations.
105
What is intuitive expertise
when an expert’s skills become automatic (not as cognitively effortful to undertake) whereby the expert’s exertion of their abilities have the characteristics of system 1 activities.
106
Kahneman presented an experiment conducted to connect behaviour to symbolic connect in relation to passive reaction. In this experiment what relationship in the data was true? a) there was a higher £ per litre of milk consumed when there were eye posters displayed over flower posters b) there was a higher £ per litre of milk consumed when there were flower posters displayed over eye posters c) the £ per litre of milk consumed was random and seemed to have no direct correlation to the poster displayed d) there was no difference in £ per litre of milk consumed despite the poster displayed
a) there was a higher £ per litre of milk consumed when there were eye posters displayed over flower posters, this was due to participants subconsciously feeling watched by the eye posters
107
What is the debate surrounding dual-process theories?
The debate centers on how much weight to give each system in different contexts and how to accurately measure individual differences in cognitive abilities.
108
which of the following is NOT a characteristic of system 1 thinking: a) fast b) effortful c) automatic d) effortless
b) effortful
109
Do these "typical correlates" listed better represent think "fast" or thinking "slow": conscious, rule-based and controlled
"Slow" thinking
110
What is Dual-processing theory?
Human thinking and decision-making is governed by two distinct cognitive systems. Type 1: Automatic, Reflexive, and intuitive Type 2: Deliberate, Rational, and Effortful
111
When we assume that Steve is a librarian and not a farmer, because he is described as meek, well spoken, and a wearer of glasses, which system of thinking are we using?
System 1! This is because these thoughts/rationales takes advantage of automatic thought, informed by stereotypes, mental scaffolding, and opinions. To come to the most probable answer of a farmer we have to switch over into system 2 which would more deliberately calculate the volume of farmers against librarians.
112
True or False System 1 describes the type of thinking that is effortful and requires attention and uses executive control.
False
113
True/false - Differences in working memory capacity and intelligence can influence responsiveness to instructions and resistance to belief biases
TRUE
114
True or False: All intuitive judgements are skilled and correct.
False: Even some professionals have intuitive judgements which are not skilled and correct.
115
According to Evans and Stanovich (2013), which of the following is a limitation of Type 2 processing? a) It is prone to errors and biases b) It is rigid and inflexible c) It is unable to process emotional information d) It is only used in novel and complex tasks
a) It is prone to errors and biases
116
Autonomous processing is the defining feature of which type of processing?
Type 1
117
Fill in the blank: Heuristics and biases are associated with Type - thinking
Type 1 Heuristics and biases are mental shortcuts or rules of thumb that System 1 uses to make rapid judgements and decisions. Heuristics are often based on previous experiences or social norms that can sometimes lead to errors in reasoning and decision making (sloppy)
118
Three main differences between the NDM and HB approach are….
The stance taken towards expert judgment, the use of field versus laboratory settings for research, and the application of different standards of performance.
119
According to Kahneman, our minds are inherently not very good at managing abstract concepts such as lists. How can we can overcome that weakness?
Our minds are poor at abstracts, but great at stories. By translating abstract concepts into stories about acts and agents, we turn them into something more coherent for our mind. i.e., mnemonics like "Never Eat Soggy Weet-bix" for the points of a compass (N,E,S,W).
120
Which system is characterized by "effortful" thinking such as solving more complicated math problems?
System 2
121
If I want to remember a shopping list of 21 items, would it be better to: a) recite the list over and over in my head, for example, thinking " apples, cheese, tofu, etc" b) Imagen placing each item one after another along a familiar route, for example, from the front door of my house to my bedroom, placing the apple at the front door, cheese at the coat rack, tofu in the hallway etc. c)write the list down over and over until I can recall all the items correctly without checking
b) image placing each item one after another along a familiar route, for example, from the front door of my house to my bedroom, placing the apple at the front door, cheese at the coat rack, tofu in the hallway etc
122
List 3 task characteristics that predict whether experts in their respective field perform well or poorly.
Predictability of outcomes, amount of experience, and availability of good feedback
123
True/False: Considering the characteristics of System 1, the Heuristic and Biases approach focuses on intuitive judgments arising from simplifying heuristics rather than specific experiences and is more likely to be accurate and less prone to systematic biases. Whereas according to the Naturalistic Decision-Making approach, intuitive judgment arises from experience and manifestation of skills, utilising cues to guide judgments and conditioning of skill acquisition.
False, Consistent with heuristics literature we know heuristics to be less likely to be accurate and more prone to systematic biases.
124
People commonly multi-task to save time. Tasks that demand attention are very difficult to do concurrently. What type of thinking does this fall under?
Type 2
125
True or false: Dual-process theories propose that controlled processes are more susceptible to biases and heuristics than automatic processes.
FALSE
126
True or false - System 2 depicts these four features (as stated by Daniel Kahneman in the 'Two Systems in the Mind' video): 1. executes skills 2. Maintains and updates world knowledge 3. generates coherent reactions and causal 'stories' 4. substitutes easy questions to answer hard ones
False
127
True or False: With expertise, judgements and decisions that would typically require Type 2 thinking can eventually be done with Type 1 thinking.
TRUE
128
"Type 1/Type 2" model has been influential in shaping the field of dual-process theory and has been used to explain a wide range of cognitive phenomena, including reasoning errors, biases, and h---------（Fill in the answer, the first letter of the answer is h)
heuristics
129
True or False? The primary function of System 2 thinking is to provide quick, automatic responses to the environment and allow us to react quickly to potential threats or opportunities.
False. This is characteristic of System 1.
130
What are the five major themes identified by Evans and Stanovich 2013, in the leading critiques of dual-process and dual-system theories?
(1) Multiple and vague definitions are offered by various theorists; (2) attribute clusters associated with dual systems do not consistently hold together; (3) distinctions refer to a continuum of processing type rather than qualitatively distinct processes; (4) single-process accounts can be offered for apparent dual-process phenomena; and (5) the evidence base for dual-process theory is questionable
131
True or False: A successful application for cognitive task analysis (CTA) is how Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) nurses used early signs (some of which were not documented/ identified until using CTA) to provide more rapid response and judgement to new borns' health condition.
TRUE
132
In the article "Dual-Process Theories of Higher Cognition: Advancing the Debate", what are the five main critcisms discussed of dual process and dual system theories?
1. Multiple and vague defintions are suggested, 2. Attribute clusters of dual systems dont always hold together, 3. Distinctions refer to a continuum of process type rather than distinct processes, 4. Single-process accounts may be offered for dual-process phenomena, 5. Evidence for dual processing is ambiguous or unconvincing
133
True or false, Biases and heuristics can lead to errors in intuitive decision-making, particularly when the expert's knowledge structure is not well-organized or when the situation is ambiguous or uncertain.
TRUE
134
What term does Daniel Kahneman use to refer to the mental process that is quick, intuitive and relies on heuristics and stereotypes?
System 1
135
What is the difference between System 1 and System 2 in dual-process theories of cognition?
System 1 is an intuitive, automatic, and fast-thinking process that relies on heuristics and associations. System 2 is a slower, deliberate, and effortful process that uses logical reasoning and analysis.
136
Can the modes of thought in Kahneman’s theory, referred to as “system 2” and “system 1”, have influence over one another?
Yes, these modes are interconnected in several ways and have mutual influence and interaction which plays a unique and complementary role in the process of thinking and decision-making.
137
True or False: Type 1 thinking is slower and effortful, whereas Type 2 thinking is rapid and automatic.
False.
138
Daniel Kahneman uses the example of how a shape that looked like both a 'B' and a '13' was categorized depending on the context it was perceived in. What Type of thinking is this part of?
Type 1
139
What is the 'illusion of validity'?
It is a bias where professionals overestimate their ability in an area where they lack much skill in.
140
Definition Term: Intuitive Expertise
Definition: Intuitive expertise refers to the ability of experts to make rapid, accurate, and confident judgments in their domain of expertise based on their experience, pattern recognition, and mental simulation.
141
Type one thinking is primarily involved in a number of functions, which of the following is not one of them: A) Associative memory B) Deliberation C) Skillful behaviour D) World knowledge
B) Deliberation
142
What are some conditions that must be met for intuition to be a valuable tool in decision-making?
Extensive experience, regular feedback, and exposure to diverse situations
143
What are the two conditions that must be met for an Intuitive Judgment to be Skilled?
1. Valid cues must be present in the environment. 2. People must have the Opportunities to learn Relevant Cues.
144
What is the distinction between the two kinds of thinking?
1: Fast and intuitive. 2: Slow and deliberative.
145
What has neural imaging studies shown with regards to dual process systems?
(a) That belief-logic conflict is detected by the brain, and (b) that when reason-based responses are observed, different areas of the brain are activated compared to when belief-based responses are observed
146
True or False: Attribute substitution is the operation of heuristics which substitute an easy question for the harder one that was asked.
TRUE
147
True or false: Dual-process theories propose that automatic processes are more accurate and efficient than controlled processes.
FALSE
148
What are the two intellectual traditions that are alive and well today, which are traced back to deGroot's studies of chess masters and Meehl's research on clinicians, respectively?
Naturalistic Decision Making (NDM) and Humanistic-Behavioral (HB)
149
What is the central goal of NDM?
The central goal of NDM is to clarify intuition by identifying the cues that experts utilise to formulate their judgments, irrespective of whether those cues involve tacit knowledge and are difficult to articulate.
150
Name the differences that define Type 1 and Type 2 thinking as proposed by Evans and Stanovich (2013).
Type 1 thinking does not require working memory and is usually autonomous, while Type 2 thinking requires working memory and involves cognitive decoupling and hypothetical thinking.
151
True or False, according to Daniel Kahneman, system 2 is responsible for critical thinking and is effortful
TRUE
152
Fill in the blank: One of the 5 key criticisms of dual-process and dual-system theories mentioned in the paper by Evans and Stanovich states that: Single-process accounts ______ be offered for apparent dual-process phenomena.
Single-process accounts CAN be offered for apparent dual-process phenomena. This critique argues that single-process accounts can be offered for apparent dual-process phenomena, proposing that the distinction between the two processes may not be as clear-cut as originally thought.
153
What are the Five Criticisms of Dual-Process Theories?
1. Multiple & Vague Dual-Process Definitions 2. Attribute Clusters associated with dual systems do not reliably align 3. There is a Continuum of Process rather than Qualitatively, Distinct Processes 4. Single-process accounts can be offered for Dual-Process Phenomena 5. Evidence base for Dual-Process Theory is questionable
154
What is parrallel-competitive form vs. default-interventionalist
Parallel-competitive form assumes that Type 1 and 2 processing proceed in parallel, each having their say with conflict resolved if necessary (Sloman 1996). Default-interventialist theories assume that fast Type 1 processing generates intuitive default responses on which subsequent reflective Type 2 processing may or may not intervene (Evans & Stanovich 2013).
155
Summarise the difference between System 1 and System 2 thinking in one sentence, using simple terms.
System 1 is automatic and intuitive, while System 2 is deliberate and effortful.
156
In the case of imperfect intuition, ____ is described as an automatic process of producing intuitive judgments in which a difficult question is answered by substituting an easier one.
Attribute substitution
157
What are dual processing systems?
A group of theories that describe two main cognitive systems - one that is automatic and quick, and one that is slower, more deliberate and reserved for more complex tasks.
158
True or False When remembering something a person cannot perform a secondary task as good as if they were just asked to perform the secondary task without remembering something.
True - Study shows a group of people using a grip strength tester. When the group were asked to remember something and do the grip strength test they were not able to perform as well as when they didn't have to remember something.
159
Is it possible for the predictions of experienced clinicians to be superior to those of novices but inferior to a linear model or an intelligent system.
Yes
160
True or false: Intuition relies on type 1 (system 1, etc.) processing, as it is quick and automatic.
True.
161
Kahneman & Klein (2009) propose that for an individual to develop skilled intuition, three conditions have to be met: a _________ environment, prolonged ________, and rapid, unequivocal ________.
a high validity environment, prolonged practice, and rapid, unequivocal feedback.
162
Explain how firefighters utilise recognition primed decision strategy in time pressured & uncertain situations.
Firefighters identify a singular option based on their repertoire of previously experienced patterns. Following this, they mentally stimulate whether the option is viable; if appropriate, its implemented; if shortcomings exist, the option is modified; if not easily modifiable, the next plausible option is considered.
163
True or False. In the dual system model, the system that plays a role in fast and automatic judgment is system 2.
False. The system that is involved in the fast, automatic, and intuitive judgment is system 1.
164
What does changing the processing labels from "system 1 and system 2", and "type 1 and type 2" indicate?
System 1 and system 2 indicates that processes may not belong to a single system with a single set of characteristics or attributes. However, Type 1 and Type 2 indicate distinct forms of processing whilst still allowing numerous cognitive systems to contribute to them.
165
What is the difference in stance between HB and NDM researchers when it comes to expert performance?
HB researchers are skeptical and trained to look for opportunities to compare expert performance with formal models or rules, while NDM researchers are more likely to adopt an admiring stance toward experts and explore their thinking to identify critical features of the situation
166
What are two physiological effects of utilising system 2 thinking mentioned by Daniel kahneman.
pupil dilation, increased heart rate
167
True or False Heuristics and Biases researchers and Naturalistic Decision Making researchers use the same definition of expertise because quantitative performance measures are useful to both schools of thought.
False
168
Which cognitive biases occur in the Linda problem an example of?
Availability heuristic, the representativeness heuristic, and the conjunction fallacy,
169
What are the two types of cognitive processes proposed by dual-process theories? A) Rational and irrational processes B) Fast and slow processes C) Intuitive and analytical processes D) Logical and emotional processes
C) Intuitive and analytical processes
170
Fill in the Blank Statement: According to the authors, experts rely on two types of cognitive processes, one is intuitive and the other is ___________.
Answer: Analytical
171
According to Evans and Stanovich, Type 1 processing is defined by: a) Autonomous processing b) Decoupling of secondary representations c) Both a and b d) None of the above
Autonomous Processing
172
What are the two conditions that must be satisfied for an intuitive judgment to be genuinely skilled?
The environment must provide adequately valid cues to the nature of the situation, and people must have an opportunity to learn the relevant cues.
173
In Dual processes,the assumption by many theorists that cognitive tasks evoke two forms of processing but it doesn't contribute to observed behavior.Is that true or false?
False,it helps observed behavior
174
__ is associated with System 1 and involves automatic, associative, and heuristic-based reasoning. __, is associated with System 2 and involves deliberate, rule-based, and analytic reasoning.
Intuitive processing; Reflective processing
175
What is the main message of Daniel Kahneman's talk "Two Systems in the Mind"?
The main message of the talk is that human cognition is divided into two distinct systems, and that understanding this division is crucial for understanding how we make decisions and form beliefs.
176
Dual-process theories propose that cognitive processes can be divided into two types _____ and _____
intuitive and analytical
177
True or False? Type 2 thinking processes can be defined as deliberate, conscious, and effortful mental processes that are typically slow, rule-governed, and can override automatic Type 1 processes.
TRUE
178
According to Evans and Stanovich, what is perhaps the most persistent fallacy in the perception of dual-process theories?
The idea that Type 1 processes (intuitive, heuristic) are responsible for all bad thinking and that Type 2 processes (reflective, analytic) necessarily lead to correct responses.
179
If you were to make a judgement about the emotional state of a person who is passing by you quickly, what type of thinking would you be using: Type 1 or Type 2?
Type 1
180
True or False: Chess masters can make more rapid and accurate judgement on their next move than average individuals. This is an example of naturalistic decision making apprach.
TRUE
181
What element did Daniel Kahnemen mentioned to be a part of perception?
Prediction.
182
Fill in the blank: A true dual-process theory that distinguishes two types of process will, by our definition, imply the ------and -------?
engagement of distinct cognitive and neurological systems
183
What are the 2 conditions required for skilled intuition to take place?
1) A high validity environment (an environment which provides cues with sufficient regularity, that regularity being inherent to the nature of the process) 2) Adequate opportunity to learn the relevant cues over time
184
According to a study by renowned psychologist Daniel Kahneman, what surprising effect can depletion of resources have on a person's self-control?
Depletion of resources can actually increase a person's self-control, according to Kahneman's study.
185
True / False. Type 1 process does not require working memory
TRUE
186
True or False? According to Dual-Process Theories, all human cognition is either intuitive or deliberate.
False. Dual-Process Theories posit that human cognition involves two types of mental processes: intuitive (System 1) and deliberate (System 2). However, this does not mean that all human cognition is purely one or the other. In fact, many cognitive tasks involve a combination of both intuitive and deliberate processes.
187
What are the two systems proposed by dual-process theories of cognition?
System 1, which is automatic, intuitive, and fast, and System 2, which is controlled, deliberate, and slow.
188
Define the term “Confirmation Bias”.
Confirmation Bias - the tendency to search for, interpret, and remember information in a way that confirms one’s preconceptions.
189
What are the key criticisms of dual-process theories of higher cognition?
The key criticisms of dual-process theories of higher cognition include that they are too vague, that they rely on oversimplified dichotomies, and that they lack empirical support.
190
According to the article, what are the two conditions necessary for intuitive expertise to be effective?
The two conditions are high-validity environment and sufficient practice.
191
What are the defining features of Type/System 2 thinking?
Requires working memory, cognitive decoupling, mental simulation
192
How does the availability heuristic relate to System 1 processing in dual-process theories of higher cognition?
The availability heuristic is a cognitive bias in which individuals rely on information that is readily available in their memory when making judgments or decisions. This bias is often associated with System 1 processing in dual-process theories, as it relies on quick, automatic, and intuitive processing.
193
What are dual-process theories of cognition, and what are the criticisms of these theories?
Dual-process theories propose that there are two distinct cognitive systems involved in decision-making and reasoning: Type 1 and Type 2 processing. Critics argue that there is a continuum of processing styles rather than discrete types, and that single-process accounts may be offered for dual-process phenomena.
194
What is a cognitive miser?
we have limited cognitive recourses to devote to processing social information. We think about the world in a manner that us rapid, automatic and unconscious using cognitive shortcuts
195
which type of thinking is attributed as being intuitive
type 1
196
_____ is an organismic-level concept and should never be used to label a sub personal process
Rationality
197
Fill in the blank: When discussing System 2 thinking, Kahneman described attention and self control as apart of a/an _____ resource? a) effort b) limited c) memory d) learnt
b) limited resource
198
where can intuitive expertise be attributed to
to system 1 - because they are automatic or spontaneous thoughts
199
What are the 5 criticisms of dual-processing theories mentioned in the Evans & Stanovich article?
1. Various theorists provide imprecise and ambiguous definitions 2. The groups of characteristics linked with dual systems are not consistently coherent 3. The differences between the systems refer to a range of processing types, rather than fundamentally separate processes 4. Supposed dual-process phenomena can be explained by single-process theories 5. The reliability of the evidence that supports the theory of dual-process is debatable
200
The __________ bias is a cognitive bias that occurs when people place too much weight on the first piece of information they receive when making a judgment or decision.
Anchoring
201
According to Kahneman and Klein's (2009) article, disagreement among experts is a necessary condition for developing intuitive expertise. True or False?
False. According to Kahneman and Klein's (2009) article, disagreement among experts is not a necessary condition for developing intuitive expertise. They argue that intuitive expertise can arise even when experts are in agreement about a domain, as long as the domain has sufficient structure and regularities that can be learned through experience.
202
True or False Statement: According to dual-process theories, System 1 processing is always inferior to System 2 processing in terms of accuracy and rationality.
Answer: False. Why: Dual-process theories suggest that both System 1 and System 2 processing can be useful in certain situations, and their effectiveness depends on the task and context. System 1 processing can lead to accurate and rational decisions in some cases, while System 2 processing can be prone to errors and biases in others.
203
True or False? An environment of high validity is a necessary condition for the development of skilled intuitions
TRUE
204
No sweets are sour. Some pastries are sour. Therefore, some pastries are not sweets. Is this "Valid-believable" or "Valid-unbelievable"?
Valid-believable
205
Name 3 out of 5 major themes that are the leading critiques of dual-processes and dual-system theories.
(1) Multiple and vague definitions are offered by various theorists; (2) attribute clusters associated with dual systems do not consistently hold together; (3) distinctions refer to a continuum of processing type rather than qualitatively distinct processes; (4) single-process accounts can be offered for apparent dual-process phenomena; and (5) the evidence base for the dual-process theory is questionable.
206
How is expertise judged in most situations studied by Naturalistic Decision Making (NDM) researchers?
The criterion for judging expertise is based on the history of successful outcomes rather than quantitative performance measures, whereby the most common method used to define this is via peer assessments/judgement.
207
True or False: The sunk cost fallacy is a cognitive bias that occurs when people make decisions based on the amount of money or resources already invested, rather than on the potential benefits of future investments.
TRUE
208
According to Kahneman, System 1 thinking operates automatically and quickly, with little or no effort, and no sense of voluntary control. In contrast, System 2 thinking is deliberate, effortful, and requires _________. A) Associative memory B) attention C) creativity D) intuition
The answer is B) attention. System 2 thinking is conscious and slower, and requires effort and attention to engage in, unlike System 1 thinking which is automatic and effortless.
209
Amy received 47% for her PSYC3052 assignment. She gasped and opened her emails straight away to write an angry email to her Lecturer. However, before she started typing, she went back and analysed the feedback and reflected on her work. What types of cognitive processes has Amy used here?
Amy’s intuitive response to her mark was shock and anger. She was using Type 1 Processing here when she opened her email in anger. However, her Type 2 Processing kicked in when she deliberately and cognitively assessed why she may have received this mark.
210
True or false, Dual-process theories propose that there are two distinct modes of thinking: System 1, which is fast, intuitive, and automatic, and System 2, which is slower, more deliberate, and analytical.
TRUE
211
Timmy is completing a mathematics exam. When solving the complex equations before him, is Timmy invoking ‘System 1’ or ‘System 2’?
System 2.
212
Describe the instance within the article (Kahneman & Klein, 2009) where an example of the illusion of validity was at play, and highlight the specific moment when the illusion of validity was at play.
The article describes an instance where candidates for officer training were unfairly judged by subjective convictions, despite the availability of statistical feedback. The illusion of validity was at play when judgments were made based purely on subjective convictions, which lack predictability, reliability, and accuracy
213
According to Kahneman, why does being presented with pictures of eyes make people more charitable than pictures of flowers?
Eyes make people more charitable because our associative memory draws connections between eyes, being watched, judgement, and in turn our notion of morality.
214
True or False: System one and system 2 are distinct regions in the brain that can be found in brain scans
FALSE
215
Dual-process theories of cognition propose that there is only one mode of thinking that is fast, automatic, and intuitive. (TRUE OR FALSE)
False, because dual-process theories of cognition propose that there are two distinct modes of thinking: one that is fast, automatic, and intuitive, and another that is slower, more deliberative, and more effortful.
216
(True or False) Validity and uncertainty are incompatible.
False. Validity and uncertainty are not incompatible.
217
What is the defining feature of Type 1 processing according to Evans and Stanovich (2013)?
Autonomous processing
218
According to Evans and Stanovich (2013), which of the following is a defining feature of Type 2 processing? a) It is rapid and automatic b) It relies heavily on emotions and intuition c) It requires conscious attention and effort d) It is mostly used in routine and well-practiced tasks
c) It requires conscious attention and effort
219
What is the increasingly popular method for testing dual-process hypotheses in both the psychology of reasoning and social cognition called?
Neural imaging
220
True or False: According to Daniel Kahneman, System 2 thinking is characteristically a rapid passive reaction or recall.
False, these are characteristic of System 1 thinking.
221
According to Kahneman and Klein what are the 2 conditions that must be met for skilled intuition?
There must be an environment in which enough clues for that intuition are given. The individual needs to understand what those environmental cues mean.
222
What are the 3 converging sources of evidence for dual models?
Experimental manipulations, Neuroscientific research, Individual differences (correlations)
223
Name one criticism that has been made about the dual-process theory of cognition.
One criticism pointed out by Evans and Stanovich (2013) is that it is often vague with its definition of what makes up dual processing, as well as a lack of coherence and consistency in the theory.
224
True or False: The naturalistic decision making approach rely on expertise and experience, therefore, could never give wrong judgement.
False. Experts make mistakes as well. A well-know example would be the incident which USS Vincennes shot down Iranian Airbus.
225
According to Kahneman, System 1 suppresses what element of our experience of the world, and why?
System 1 suppresses ambiguity in our experiences in order to generate cohesive stories about the world, because cohesive stories are less intensive to process than detailed multi-faceted considerations of all available information.
226
What was Daniel Kahneman and Anos Tversky looking for in their research?
They were looking for counterintuitive ideas in their own thinking
227
What is the seriously blinker mistake for psychology of judgment and decision making process which mentioned in reading 1 ?
The answer is ignore intuitive skill
228
True or False: Type 2 thinking enables uniquely human facilities, such as hypothetical thinking, mental stimulation, and consequential decision making
TRUE
229
When comparing naturalistic decision making and heuristic bias, which psychological approach would be more likely to promote the use of algorithms rather than informal judgement in decision making ?
Heuristic bias approach
230
What is the theory behind the Dual Processes of the mind as a way of understanding human thinking?
It is an assumption that cognitive tasks evoke two pathways of processing that contribute to the behaviour observed in subjects.
231
What is intuitive expertise?
Intuitive expertise is the ability to make fast, accurate, and confident decisions based on a deep understanding of a domain.
232
Early researchers whose work led to the approach called Naturalistic Decision Making, studied people who were experts in what? A) diplomacy b) chess c) politics d) computer science
b
233
In the article "Dual-process theories of higher cognition: Advancing the debate.", the authors argue that the terminology of dual systems (i.e., System 1 & System 2) should be avoided, why?
It falsely suggests that the two types of processes are located in just two specific cognitive or neurological systems.
234
"Type 1/Type 2" may focus too much on the role of social and cultural factors in shaping cognitive processes, thereby neglecting analysis at the individual level. judge right or not.(True or False)
False. Jonathan Evans explains that the "Type1/Type2" model may be too focused on the individual level of analysis and may not adequately consider the role of social and cultural factors in shaping cognitive processes.
235
true/false - Are all cognitive biases caused by Type 1 (intuitive)processing ?
No
236
What do dual-process theories propose about higher cognition?
Dual-process theories propose that there are two distinct systems in our brain that work together to produce higher cognition.
237
The idea that clusters of attributes do not reliably correlate/predict processes is a critique of dual processing, explain why this is a poor argument.
If all features of a Type of processing are thought to be defining features, this is a higher level of proof than required for any other theory in psychological fields. Also very few need to be set as defining features, of which others can be seen as correlates.
238
What are the conditions for intuitive expertise according to Kahneman and Klein (2009)?
The conditions for intuitive expertise are that the environment must be sufficiently regular to be predictable, there must be opportunities for learning, and feedback must be available.
239
True or false? A central goal of the Naturalistic Decision Making (NDM) approach is to ‘demystify intuition by identifying the cues that novices use to make their judgments’
False - A central goal of the Naturalistic Decision Making (NDM) approach is to ‘demystify intuition by identifying the cues that EXPERTS use to make their judgments’
240
Evans and Stanovich (2013) argue that dual-process theories of higher cognition: a) Provide a clear-cut distinction between rational and irrational thinking b) Overemphasize the role of intuition in decision-making c) Ignore the influence of social and cultural factors on thinking d) Are no longer relevant in contemporary psychology research
b) Overemphasize the role of intuition in decision-making
241
According to Kahneman's Two Systems in the Mind, System 1 is ________ and System 2 is _________.
According to Kahneman's Two Systems in the Mind, System 1 is fast, automatic, and intuitive, while System 2 is slow, deliberate, and effortful.
242
True or False: Type 1 processing is always accurate and reliable
Type 1 processing is automatic and intuitive, but it is not always accurate or reliable.
243
What are the 2 problems with the terms "system 1 and system 2"?
1. They are ambiguous and could potentially refer to another hypothesis (eg. two-minds hypothesis) 2. It may suggest that ONLY two systems underlie the two forms of processing
244
TRUE/FALSE: In the paper by Evans and Stanovich, the autonomous set of systems (TASS) is mentioned. TASS refers to the proposal that there are various Type 2 systems of different kinds, including modular, habitual, and automated forms of processing.
FALSE. TASS proposes that there are multiple type 1 systems of different kinds. Modular, habitual, and automated forms of processing all come under type 1 systems (intuitive) as these systems are defined by the fact that they are autonomous and do not require working memory.
245
Fill in the blank: When people are engaged in an effortful task (such as being asked to remember a set of digits), their level of self-control becomes (heightened/impaired)
Impaired.
246
If I ask participants to remember 7 playing cards in order and then place a piece of pizza and an apple in front of them, which snack are they more likely to choose (on average)?
The pizza! Assuming that the participant enjoys pizza more than apples, their System 1 Processing will kick in when System 2 Processing is occupied (in this case, remembering the sequence of cards). Kahneman quoted: “Effort impairs self-control”.
247
What are the 5 main lines of arguments with dual-process and dual-system theories addressed in Evans & Stanovich (2013) article?
1. various and vague definitions of dual-process. 2. different features of attribute clusters are not always observed together. 3. no discrete types of processing styles. 4. single-process accounts may be offered for dual-process phenomena. 5. evidence for dual processing are weak and questionable.
248
You are driving on the highway and suddenly a car swerves in front of you, causing you to slam on the brakes and swerve to avoid a collision. Identify whether type 1 or type 2 processing is required in this scenario.
Type 1 processing is required in this scenario, the sudden appearance of the car in front of you and the need to quickly react and avoid a collision would trigger a type 1 response
249
True or false: Type 2 processes should be relied on instead of Type 1 processes in effective higher cognition as they are more valid/thorough due to their reflective and normative nature.
False - both processes are necessary for effective cognition.
250
True or False: Type 1 processing supports hypothetical thinking and loads heavily on working memory.
FALSE
251
How does the HB approach define expertise in contrast? What criterions are used to judge?
Professionals are defined as experts by comparing the accuracy of their judgement within a given situation to an optimal linear combination of set variables (the available information of the given situation)
252
One key characteristics of type 2 processing includes cognitive decoupling. Cognitive decoupling refers to...
the process of disentangling one's thoughts and feelings from a particular context and engaging in a more objective/analytical perspective.
253
What is the role of working memory in dual-process theories of higher cognition?
Working memory plays a crucial role in dual-process theories of higher cognition because it is responsible for controlling attention, suppressing irrelevant information, and maintaining information in an active state for processing by either System 1 or System 2.
254
Fill in the blank: Intuitive expertise is developed through ________ and ________.
Intuitive expertise is developed through experience and feedback.
255
Which of the following can be sensitive to culture? a) Types of thinking b) Modes of thinking c) Both d) Neither
b) Modes of thinking.
256
What are the five conditions for intuitive expertise proposed by Kahneman and Klein?
1. A high level of domain-specific knowledge. 2. The ability to recognize and categorize patterns. 3. The ability to make rapid and accurate judgments based on those patterns. 4. A sense of familiarity with the domain. 5. The ability to provide explanations or justifications for those judgments.
257
The term dual systems is ambiguous because it can be a synonym for a two-minds hypothesis, but also has been used in reference to a distinction in two types of ___________
Processing
258
What is type 1 learning?
Learning that occurs automatic without concious effortful thinking.
259
What is the key feature of Type 2 processing according to Evans and Stanovich? a) The ability to conjunct eight different binary properties b) The ability to sustain the decoupling of secondary representations c) The ability to autonomously process information
b) The ability to sustain the decoupling of secondary representations
260
According to Daniel Kahneman's article "Conditions for Intuitive Expertise", what is the meaning behind the notion of 'wicked environments'?
When wrong intiutions are likely to develop
261
True or False? According to Dual-Process Theories, System 2 is always more reliable than System 1 in decision-making.
False. Dual-Process Theories do not suggest that System 2 processes are always more reliable than System 1 processes. Rather, they propose that both systems have strengths and weaknesses, and that the key to effective decision-making is to use both systems appropriately. In some cases, System 1 processes may be more reliable (e.g., in situations where quick judgments are needed), while in other cases, System 2 processes may be more reliable (e.g., in situations where careful analysis is required).
262
Considering their epistemological backgrounds, who would probably be more enthusiastic about the use of ChatGPT between Gary Klein et Daniel Kahneman?
Daniel Kahneman, as a pioneer of the Heuristics and Biases research, is more likely to favor algorithms for certain tasks, where algorithms perform better than humans because of better consistency and ability to detect and learn from weak cues in poorly valid environments
263
What is working memory?
The system responsible for temporarily holding and manipulating information in the mind
264
What has neuroscientific evidence shown in support of dual-process theories?
Belief-logic is detected in the brain AND Different brain areas are activated for belief-based responses than to logic-based responses
