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Systems > Class 5 > Flashcards

Class 5 Flashcards

1
Q

What is skin?

A

• link to internal & external environments
• own pathologies
• judge general health

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2
Q

What art the functions of human skin?

A
  1. Protection
  2. Immunity
  3. Thermoregulation
  4. Storage/reservoir
  5. Flexible/resilient
  6. Sensation
  7. Role in vitamin D synthesis
  8. Healing/repair
  9. Excretion
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3
Q

What are the skin layers?

A
  1. Epidermis
  2. Dermis
  3. Subcutaneous
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4
Q

Melanocytes produce melanin, which has what 2 purposes?

A
  1. Giving the skin colour (pigmentation)
  2. Protecting basal cells from UV damage
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5
Q

What are some of the general guidelines for manual practitioners?

A

➤ Research
➤ Avoid treating an undiagnosed lesion
➤ Hygiene care to area of inflamed, irritated or disrupted
skin
➤ Ask about type of treatment(s)
➤ Good reason to treat vulnerable skin?
➤ Patch test
➤ Modify heat hydro

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6
Q

What are examples of contraindications when it comes to skin?

A

➤ Infection or risk of spreading
➤ Acute inflammation or flare up present
➤ Vesicles/blisters
➤ Risk of promoting bleeding
➤ Broken or eroded skin
➤ Stretching friable tissue

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7
Q

When it comes to skin what are some of the key questions you should ask yourself?

A

➤ What is it? Has it been diagnosed?
➤ Is it a solitary lesion or circumscribed tissue area or is it
widespread?
➤ Is it contagious? can it be spread by contact?
➤ Is it inflamed?
➤ Is the skin surface broken/disrupted?
➤ Is there blistering, bleeding, oozing, crust or scabbing?
➤ Is there a secondary infection risk?
➤ Are there any applicable restrictions from the doctor?
➤ Any prescribed or medically approved cream or lotion?

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8
Q

What are some common manifestations of skin disorders?

A

➤ Lesions
➤ Rashes
➤ Blisters
➤ Calluses
➤ Corns
➤ Pruritis
➤ Xerosis

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9
Q

What are examples of lesions?

A

➤ Macule
➤ Patch
➤ Papule
➤ Nodule
➤ Pustule
➤ Vesicle
➤ Plaque
➤ Crust
➤ Lichenification
➤ Keloid
➤ Fissure
➤ Ulcer
➤ Erosion

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10
Q

What is a Macule?

A

SMALL, FLAT circumscribed lesion of DIFFERENT COLOUR than normal skin

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11
Q

What is a Patch?

A

Vitiligo, port wine stain. DIFFERENCE IS >1CM

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12
Q

What is a Papule?

A

Small, firm, ELVATED lesion

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13
Q

What is a Nodule?

A

ELEVATED LESION LARGER than papule

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14
Q

What is a Pustule?

A

ELEVATED, ERYTHEMATOUS lesion, usually contains PURULENT exudate

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15
Q

What is a Vesicle?

A

Elevated, THIN WALLED lesion containing CLEAR FLUID

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16
Q

What is a Plaque?

A

Large, SLIGHTLY ELEVATED lesion with flat surface, often TOPPED by SCALE

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17
Q

What is a Crust?

A

Dry, rough surface or DRIED EXUDATES or BLOOD

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18
Q

What is a Lichenification?

A

Thick, dry, rough skin surface (LEATHER LIKE)

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19
Q

What is a Keloid?

A

Raised, irregular mass of collagen from EXCESSIVE SCAR FORMATION

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20
Q

What is a Fissure?

A

SMALL, DEEP CRACK or tear in skin

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21
Q

What is an Ulcer?

A

CAVITY with loss of tissue from EPIDERMIS & DERMIS, OFTEN WEEPING or BLEEDING

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22
Q

What is an Erosion?

A

SHALLOW, MOIST CAVITY in EPIDERMIS

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23
Q

What are rashes?

A

➤ general term meaning skin outbreak that changes it’s appearance & texture
➤ temporary eruptions of skin
➤ associated with childhood diseases, heat, irritation (ex. diaper rash), drug induced reactions

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24
Q

What are the 4 types of rashes?

A

• blanched/ white
• erythematous/ red
• hemorrhagic/ purpuric/ containing blood
• pigmented/ coloured

25
Q

What is a blister?

A

➤ vesicle of fluid filled papule (aka BULLA)
➤ degeneration of epidermal cells & disruption of intercellular junctions that causes layers to separate & fluid to accumulate

26
Q

How should you deal with blister?

A

• bandage or gauze
• DO NOT BREAK

27
Q

What is a callus?

A

➤ hyperkeratotic plaque of skin due to chronic pressure or
friction
➤ increased cohesion & decreased shedding

28
Q

How should we deal with callus?

A

• can be filed down

29
Q

What are corns?

A

➤ small, defined perimeter, cone shaped, keratinous thickening
➤ common to toes & hands
➤ can reoccur if cause is not addressed

30
Q

How should you deal with corns?

A

• paring (slicing to reduce size)
• pressure or friction (MOI) removal
• keratolytic agents (chemical debridement)
• laser
• injections
• surgically removed

31
Q

Differences between corns vs. callus?

A

• Calluses develop from forces distributed over broad area of skin whereas
• Corns develop from more localized forces
• Corns can occur within an area of callus, such as on plantar surface.

32
Q

What is pruritis (Itch)?

A

➤ itch sensation originates in free nerve endings in skin
(nociceptors)
➤ different ranges of severity
➤ can signal an internal disorder
➤ warmth, touch & vibration will irritate/make it worse
➤ scratching an itch is spinal reflex

33
Q

How to deal with pruritis (Itch)?

A

• treatments are non specific

34
Q

Pruritis = __________

A

Itch

35
Q

Xerosis = __________

A

Dry Skin

36
Q

What is Xerosis (dry skin)?

A

➤ dehydration of stratum corneum
➤ may be primary sign of sign disorder or systemic disease
➤ appears rough, scaly, wrinkled, lined
➤ predisposed to itching which could lead to cracking &
fissuring
➤ commonly affects extremities, back, abdomen, waist

37
Q

How to deal with Xerosis (dry skin)?

A

• moisturizing agents

38
Q

What are key features of darker skin presentations and evaluation?

A

➤ darker skin provides better protection against skin cancer,premature wrinkling, aging of skin associated with sun exposure
➤ may be more difficult to evaluate pallor, cyanosis &
erythema

39
Q

What is Vitiligo?

A

➤ depigmented macule with definite, smooth border
➤ white, pale or greyish blue
➤ 3 ways this would occur: (etiology unknown)
• decreased number of melanocytes
• absence of melanocytes
• melanocytes that don’t produce melanin
➤ affects skin, mucous membranes & retina - common to face, neck, axillae, extremities
➤ affected area can enlarge over time
➤ these areas are prone to sunburn
➤ can be asymptomatic or pruritic

40
Q

How to deal with Vitiligo?

A

• no cure but range of treatments to manage

41
Q

What is Albinism?

A

➤ genetic disorder
➤ complete or partial congenital absence of pigment
➤ affects skin, showing as pale to pink hues, hair as white to yellow & eyes light or pink
➤ most common type is recessively inherited oculocutaneous albinism
➤ sensitivity to light, refractive errors and nystagmus

42
Q

What is Chloasma (Melasma)

A

➤ darkened macules on face
➤ brown hyperpigmentation macules or patches usually to face - cheeks, temple & forehead
➤ more common in women, especially if pregnant, anyone of Aboriginal, German, Russian and Jewish descent or dark
skinned people
➤ exacerbated by sun exposure

43
Q

How to deal with Chloasma (Melasma)?

A

• limit sun exposure, bleaching

44
Q

What is Tinea/Mycosis/Ringworm?

A

➤ relatively common fungal infection - invades dead keratinized tissue
➤ name differs based on where on body it’s occurring
➤ fungus releases enzyme that allows it to digest keratin & results in skin scaling, nail degeneration, hair breakage or loss
➤ can become deeper in immunocompromised individuals & caused by inflammation due to toxins released by fungi
➤ Appears: itchy, scaly, red rash, sometimes bald patches

45
Q

How to deal with Tinea/Mycosis/Ringworm?

A

• antifungal creams

46
Q

What are bacterial infections?

A

➤ There are several types of bacteria that are present on skin as part of normal microflora.
➤ in certain environments or on certain occasions they can cause superficial or systemic reactions

47
Q

Primary infections are _________________

A

usually superficial

48
Q

Secondary infections usually _____________________________.

A

usually occur in preexisting lesion & may be deeper

49
Q

Diagnosis of bacterial infection -> ____________

A

by culture

50
Q

How to deal with bacterial infection?

A

• antibiotics

51
Q

What are Furuncles (Boils)?

A

➤ infection of hair follicle which spreads to surrounding
dermis
➤ face, back, neck are common sites
➤ progresses from firm, red + painful nodule to large, painful mass
➤ filled with purulent exudate
➤ spread by AUTOINNOCULATION

52
Q

What are Carbuncles?

A

➤ collection of furuncles
➤ join together into bigger mass & may drain through
different sinuses or develop into abscess.

53
Q

What is Impetigo?

A

➤ superficial infection caused by Staph
➤ common in infants & young children
➤ easily contracted in warm + moist climates
➤ starts as small vesicle or pustule or as large bulla then ruptures & forms roughened area that discharges honey coloured liquid that crusts
➤ new vesicles appear within hours
➤ scratching can spread it

54
Q

What is Impetigo?

A

➤ superficial infection caused by Staph
➤ common in infants & young children
➤ easily contracted in warm + moist climates
➤ starts as small vesicle or pustule or as large bulla then ruptures & forms roughened area that discharges honey coloured liquid that crusts
➤ new vesicles appear within hours
➤ scratching can spread it

55
Q

How to deal with Impetigo?

A

• systemic antibiotics

56
Q

What is Ecthyma?

A

➤ caused by Staph/Strep
➤ ulcerative form of Impetigo
➤ frequently seen in children, usually on buttocks & thighs
➤ when extensive cause present with fever, can spread to other organs

57
Q

How to deal with Ecthyma?

A

• systemic antibiotics

58
Q

What is Cellulitis?

A

➤ deep infection of dermis & subcutaneous tissue
➤ caused by Staph & Beta Hemolytic Strep
➤ portals of entry: pre-existing wound & tinea
pedis
➤ legs, hands & ears most commonly affected
➤ presents: expanding red, tender, swollen plaque with indefinite border. frequently fever & acute inflammation
s/s
➤ often involve lymph system- septicaemia, nephritis, death

59
Q

How to deal with Cellulitis?

A

IV & oral antibiotics

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