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Systems > Class 1 > Flashcards

Class 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the immune system?

A

• Bodies system that defends against foreign invaders

• ex. bacteria, viruses, other organisms, foreign bodies/substances, abnormal molecules and cells that develop abnormally in body (cancerous cells).

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2
Q

What is immunity?

A

Protection from disease and infectious disease based on capacity to recognize foreign invaders (non-self).

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3
Q

What is immune response?

A

Collective, coordinated response of the cells
and molecules of the immune system.

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4
Q

Problem occurs when the response to invader is …

A

• excessive = allergies, hypersensitivity or
• when self tissue is perceived as foreign or dangerous = auto-immunity.

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5
Q

What is a microbe?

A

Type of microorganism that is too small to see with the united eye; ex. bacteria, viruses, fungi.

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6
Q

What is a pathogen?

A

Microbe that causes disease

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7
Q

What is a antimicrobial substance?

A

Tends to kill or damage microbes

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8
Q

What is an antigen?

A

large molecules (usually proteins or polysaccharides) on cell surfaces that elicit specific responses from hosts; can be on self-cells, that are toxic or diseased, and foreign cells, invaders from outside world.

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9
Q

What is an epitope?

A

Part of an antigen molecule to which an antibody attaches itself which can be used as identifier and binding site by host immune cells.

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10
Q

What is an antibody?

A

Protein in immune system responsible for binding to an epitope and initiating destruction of associated organism.

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11
Q

What is the lymphocyte?

A

White blood cells

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12
Q

What is a phagocyte?

A

Means “to eat”

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13
Q

What is the neutrophil?

A

WBC’s that help heal tissue and infection by attacking antigens. Circulate in blood, but die after they attack.

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14
Q

What is the macrophage?

A

Larger WBC’s that attack antigens. Do not die after attacking antigens.

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15
Q

What are natural killer (NK) cells?

A

Patrol blood and lymph. Can kill your own cells without using an APC.

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16
Q

What are immune responses?

A

Collected coordinated response of cells and molecules of immune system to protect against infectious disease.

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17
Q

What are the two responses of the immune system?

A

1) Innate Response
2) Adaptive Response

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18
Q

What is the innate response?

A

-something that we are born with
-non-specific
-initial line of defence
-effective barrier to microbes

• rapid, early response
• always the same (non-specific)= Inflammation, fever, etc
• primarily reacts to microbes
• relies on phagocytes and antimicrobials
• includes external physical barriers like skin and mucous membranes
• fairly easy for microbes to adapt to it
• stimulates adaptive responses

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19
Q

What is the first line of defense?

A

Skin and mucus membranes

20
Q

What is the second line of defense/internal defences (aka natural/native)?

A

Antimicrobial substances, natural killer (NK) cells, and phagocytes.

21
Q

What is the adaptive response (aka specific/acquired)?

A

-specific response
-develops with exposure to various organisms and substances that it finds threatening
-very effective

• slower to kick in
• develops in response to specific attributes of an invader
• works with innate response system to enhance
reactivity
• attacks microbes and antigens
• generates immunologic memory, meaning that
subsequent exposures lead to a more rapid response

22
Q

What are immune cells?

A

Primary cells of adaptive immunity are B-Lymphocytes (B-cells), and T-Lymphocytes (T-cells).

23
Q

What two things do lymphocytes do?

A

1) Act as regulator cells = assist in controlling and
orchestration of immune response (ie. by activating other cells).
2) Act as effector cells = kill and eliminate microbe or antigen.

24
Q

What are accessory cells?

A

Accessory cells are phagocytes (macrophages, neutrophils,
eosinophils) that kill or break apart an invader.

25
Q

What are dendritic cells?

A

Present antigens and epitopes to killers.

26
Q

Humoral Immunity = ____________________________________.

A

High number of immune cells and other immune materials (like antibodies) circulating in blood and lymph.

27
Q

Immune cells can be located in various tissues and organs such as?

A

• Lymph nodes
• Bone marrow
• Thymus
• Tonsils
• Spleen
• Skin
• Mucosa
• Vital organs

28
Q

When immune cells are signal by presence of microbes or antigens, or by other immune cells, what do they do?

A

Reproduce to create populations (clones) of targeted cell types.

29
Q

What are the B-Cells?

A

-Key players in humoral immunity
-Very good at recognizing microbes and antigens (assisted by T-helper cells).
-Recognizes friend from foe
-Produce antibodies

30
Q

B-Cells are activated when?

A

It binds to its associated antigen.

31
Q

When B-Cell is activated it selects type of clone needed, which are either?

A

• plasma cell
• memory cell

32
Q

What are plasma cells?

A

When fully matured they produce and secrete antibodies (aka immunoglobulins) designed for specific antigen which then bind to epitopes and either kill or neutralize invader, or present them to T-cells or macrophages.

33
Q

What are memory cells?

A

Do not participate in initial immune response. Stay in body to respond quickly if a secondary exposure to same antigen occurs.

34
Q

How many types of antibodies can be passed down from mother to child, and what are they?

A

• Only 2 types of antibodies that can be passed from mother to child.
• IgG more common
• IgA is only found if child is breastfed

35
Q

what is IgA antibody?

A
  • Found in mucus, saliva, tears and breastmilk. Protect against pathogens.

• Predominant in saliva, tears, nasal, GI, and respiratory secretions
• Found in breast milk (protects neonates)
• Blocks entry of organisms to eyes, gut, respiratory, and urinary tracts
• Protects mucosa

36
Q

What is IgD antibody?

A

*Part of the B cell receptor. Activates, basophils and mast cells.

  • Present in small amounts in serum
  • Needed for B-cell maturation
37
Q

What is IgE antibody?

A

*Protect against parasitic worms. Responsible for allergic reactions.

  • Found in tiny amounts in plasma
  • Binds to mast cells and liberates histamine and other inflammatory substances
  • Attracts eosinophils
  • Responds to parasites
  • IgE overreaction -> allergic/hypersensitivity reactions, asthma, etc.
  • Can be a genetic predisposition to producing excess IgE
38
Q

What is IgG antibody?

A

*Secreted by plasma cells in blood. Able to cross placenta into fetus.

• 75% of antibodies are IgG
• Only Ig to cross the placenta (protects neonates) -> passive immunity in newborn
• Diffuses readily out of vascular zone into tissues
• Antiviral, antitoxin, antibacterial actions
• Activates killer cells
• Activates the complement system

39
Q

What is IgM antibody?

A

*May be attached to surface of B-Cell or secreted into blood. Responsible for early stages of immunity.

• Doesn’t leave blood or lymph
• Early responder
• First Ig formed after immunization or initial exposure to pathogen
• Activates complement system
• Forms natural ABO antibodies

40
Q

What are antigen presenting cells?

A

-Cells bind to and/or break down antigens.
-Present epitopes on their surfaces, or alter antigen to make it more recognizable.
-B-cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells all act as presenting cells.

• Antigen presenting cells present antigens to T-cells. However, sometimes they are presented to phagocytosing cells

41
Q

What are T-Cells?

A

-Responsible for cell-mediated/cellular immunity
-Work via cell-to-cell contact or by secreting messenger compounds that communicate with immune system cells

This will:
• Attract cells
• Prevent cells from leaving area
• Amplify effectiveness of cells
• Increase or decrease cell reactions
• Activate and regulate B-cells
• Signal natural killer cells
• Increase local blood flow to facilitate immune cell movement
• Determine if humoral or cellular immunity is needed

T-cells also:
• Activate mast cells and IgE’s in allergen responses
• Involved in rejection of foreign tissue grafts
• Control intracellular (viral) infections
• Kill tumor cells

N.B. T-cells are involved in differentiating between self vs. non-self recognition and reaction.

42
Q

What are the three types of T-Cells?

A

• T-Helper Cells (aka CD-4 cells)
• Regulatory T-Cells (aka Tregs)
• T-Cytotoxic Cells (aka CD-8 cells)

43
Q

What are T-Helper Cells (aka CD-4 cells)?

A

-upregulate
-key regulatory cells of immune system
-release various T-messenger compounds that activate and regulate activities of the other cell types
-activate B and T cells correctly depending on type of immune challenge

44
Q

What are Regulatory T-cells (aka Tregs)?

A

-downregulate
-suppress/modify immune responses
-decrease immune cell production
-control mechanism to help ensure response matches situation, and that healthy self-cells are not killed

45
Q

T-cytotoxic cells (aka CD-8 cells)

A

-destroy identified/presented antigens
-kill virus-infected cells by various means
-involved in attacking cellular problems that antibodies cannot influence

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