Class 4 Flashcards

Question

What is Hep A?

Answer 1

• Caused by enterovirus • acute infection – no chronic stage, is not progressive, does not cause permanent liver damage • spread by contaminated food/water • occurs sporadically or in epidemics • incubation roughly 30 days • immune system makes antibodies that confer immunity to future infection • prophylaxis through immunization

Answer 2

• more serious health problem – has chronic stage/carrier state. • 2-6 month incubation period • spread by contaminated feces, bodily fluids including saliva, contaminated breaks in skin, sex or contaminated tissue transplant • Prophylaxis through immunization • can lead to cirrhosis

Answer 3

• serious disease – often becomes chronic, leads to cirrhosis of liver & liver cancer • incubation period 2 weeks to 6 months • spread similar to Hep B

Answer 4

• only present with Hep B infection • severe & sudden type of hepatitis & liver cirrhosis are more common with Hep D than Hep B infection

Answer 5

• clinically resembles Hep A – no chronic stage • transmitted by fecal oral route

Answer 6

• infectious condition spread through sexual contact. • agents of infection include: bacteria, viruses, chlamydia fungi, protozoa, & parasites • portals of entry: genitals, mouth, urinary meatus, rectum, skin • rates are highest among adolescents, but any sexually active person may contract one, are higher with people who have more than one sex partner. • incidence: increasing + still unreported cases • sexual hygiene is important to control spread • testing is important to stay informed & control/prevent spread

Answer 7

• caused by Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) • most of time asymptomatic & resolve on their own • may lead to cervical cancer, there is possible link to oropharyngeal cancers • there is currently a vaccine to prevent HPV infection

Answer 8

• not strictly an STI • can also occur in GI tract or mouth & throat • Candida Albicans is most common yeast to cause infection • common vaginal infection • men may have candida on their penis but usually asymptomatic • causes vaginal pruritis, erythema, swelling, dysuria, & dyspareunia • typical vaginal discharge is usually thick, white, & odorless • treated with antifungal medications

Answer 9

• caused by anaerobic protozoa • more common than Gonorrhea • often considered marker for high risk sexual behavior • protozoa can live in paraurethral glands of both sexes • >75% of women women develop symptoms, men usually asymptomatic • s/s: copious, frothy, malodorous, green or yellow discharge • small hemorrhagic areas may appear on cervix – known as “strawberry spots” • may lead to tubal infertility in women & atypical pelvic inflammatory disease • can lead to infertility, altered sperm motility, & chronic prostatitis in men • treated with systemic antiprotozoan medications

Answer 10

• one of most common STIs in North America • S/S for women:mucopurulent cervical discharge, urinary frequency, & dysuria. Hypertrophy of cervix + becomes erythematous, edematous, & extremely friable, may lead to fallopian tube damage. If left untreated may lead to PID. • S/S for men include urethritis, meatal tenderness & rubor, urethral pruritis, discharge, & dysuria. Prostatitis & epididymitis may develop/lead to infertility if left untreated may lead to Reiter syndrome – reactive arthritis that leads to conjunctivitis, urethritis, & mucocutaneous lesions • since high numbers of people are asymptomatic, there are many cases that go untreated • regular screening is important • may be treated with antibiotics

Answer 11

• caused by Nisseria Gonorrhea bacteria • ages 15-44 most common + women>men • rising incidence • usually spread through intercourse (vaginal/anal) • babies born to infected mothers are at risk of contracting gonorrheal conjunctivitis which may lead to permanent blindness. • in men, infection starts in anterior urethra, may spread proximally in genital tract. S/s: urethral pain, dysuria, creamy yellow or blood urethral discharge. May become chronic & infect epididymis, & prostate. • in women, s/s: unusual vaginal discharge, dysuria dyspareunia, pelvic pain, proctitis, fever. Chronic infections may lead to salpingitis with subsequent scarring & infertility. • in both men & women it may invade circulatory system & cause sequelae in joint spaces, heart valves, meninges, & other tissues of the body. • many cases are asymptomatic which may lead to further spreading of infection • currently considered to be resistant to all know antibiotics

Answer 12

-caused by Treponema pallidum bacteria -incidence has been increasing -has three stages, Primary, Secondary & Tertiary.

Answer 13

• characterized by lesion on site of sexual contact. - starts as button like papule called chancre that erodes to become clean ulceration on an elevated base. - apparent between 1 week-3 months after exposure but usually in first 3 weeks. • lesion is generally more obvious on men, so it may go untreated in women. Chancre usually heals in 3 to 12 weeks even without treatment.

Answer 14

• timing of stage varies greatly. • S/S: maculopapular rash, especially on palmer+plantar surfaces of hands+feet respectively, fever, sore throat, nausea, anorexia, & conjunctivitis. • may develop Alopecia and/or Condylomata Lata. • Infection enters latency period + infected persons are still contagious for up to two years or for life, or may develop into tertiary syphilis.

Answer 15

• may develop as long as 20 years after initial infection. • only 1 in 3 untreated cases will develop tertiary stage. • Lesions may include: - Destructive lesions called Gumma–rubbery, non inflammatory, necrotic lesions commonly found on the liver testes, or bone. - Cardiovascular (CV) lesions – usually cause scarring of medial layer or thoracic aorta with aneurysm formation. Aneurysm may lead to aortic valve insufficiency, & CHF. • CNS lesions – may lead to dementia, blindness, spinal cord injury, ataxia, & sensory loss. • Treatment is with antibiotics, may have to be continued for several weeks. • Pregnant women infected with syphilis may experience premature or still birth. Baby may be born with congenital defects or an active infection.