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Class 3 Flashcards

1
Q

All living creatures share 2 basic objectives in life which are?

A

1) survival
2) reproduction

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2
Q

All living creatures share 2 basic objectives in life:
1) survival
2) reproduction
to satisfy these goals, organisms must do what?

A

Extract from the environment essential nutrients.

-can benefit both organisms or produce harmful &
potentially lethal consequences.

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3
Q

Consequences of these invasions are called _______________.

A

infectious diseases

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4
Q

What is a host?

A

any organism capable of supporting nutritional & physical growth requirements of another organism.

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5
Q

What is infectivity?

A

ability of organism to enter, multiply & survive in host

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6
Q

What is infection?

A

presence & multiplication within host that results in injury to host

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7
Q

What is colonization?

A

act of establishing a presence within a host

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8
Q

T/F All interactions between microorganisms and humans are detrimental?

A

False - NOT all interactions between microorganisms and humans are detrimental

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9
Q

What is microflora?

A

multitude of non-harmful bacteria that inhabit internal & external exposed surfaces of human body.

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10
Q

Microflora can be found in what?

A

• Skin
• Nose/Pharynx
• Mouth
• Colon/Rectum
• Vagina/Distal Urethra/Perineum

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11
Q

What is commensalism?

A

Colonizing organism benefits & host is NOT adversely affected by it

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12
Q

What is Mutualism?

A

Colonizing organism & host both derive benefits

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13
Q

What is Parasitic?

A

Colonizing organism benefits & host gains nothing or sustains injury

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14
Q

Infectious disease can vary in severity and can be due to
______________________ and ______________________________.

A

• host health
• virtulence of the organism

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15
Q

What is Virulence?

A

Disease producing potential of invading organism.

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16
Q

__________________ are an example of a highly virulent organism and are rarely found in the host when there is no disease.

A

Pathogens

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17
Q

What are Saprophytes?

A

Harmless, free living organisms that obtain nutrition from dead or decaying organic materials in environment.

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18
Q

What is an Opportunistic Pathogen?

A

An organism which is capable of producing an infectious disease only when health & immunity of host have been severely compromised.

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19
Q

What are Prions?

A

• protein particles that lack any kind of demonstrable genetic material.
• mutated forms of normal host protein.
• may affect other normal proteins & alter them.
• aggregate in brain & form plaques.
• have been identified in number of incurable &
transmissible degenerative neurological diseases
• defective protein may be inherited.
• Transmissible degenerative neurological diseases are
all characterized by slowly progressive, non inflammatory neuronal degeneration, leading to loss of coordination (ataxia), dementia & death ranging from months to years.
• Current antimicrobial agents are useless against them
therefore treatment is palliative.

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20
Q

Prions have been identified in a number of incurable &
transmissible degenerative neurological diseases such
as?

A

• Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease
• Kuru
• Mad Cow disease

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21
Q

Rickettsia, Chlamydia, Coxiella, Mycoplasma are organisms that combine characteristics of ______________ and ______________.

A

viruses and bacteria

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22
Q

What is Rickettsiacecae?

A
  • Live inside host cell since they rely on host cell for vitamins & nutrients
  • Transmitted by insect vectors/bite of arthropod (fleas, ticks & lice)
  • Produce number of potentially lethal diseases
    Ex. Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever & Epidemic Typhus.
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23
Q

What is Chlamydiaceae?

A

• Scavenge intermediates of energy metabolism, like ATP.
• Transmitted directly between susceptible vertebrates
without intermediate arthropod host.
Ex. Sexually transmitted infection Chlamydia which can lead to pelvic inflammatory disease & sterility in women. Infants born to infected mothers can develop eye infections & pneumonia.

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24
Q

What is Coxiella?

A

• Infects variety of animals & in humans produces
illness often called Q fever, illness that presents with flu-like symptoms, & cause progress to become systemic
affecting heart, lungs, & GI.

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25
Q

What is Mycoplasma?

A

• Capable of independent replication.
• Resistant to cell-wall binding antibiotics like Penicillin.
• In humans, they are commensals but some species are
capable of producing serious diseases including pneumonia, genital infections & maternally transmitted respiratory infections to infants with low birth weight.

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26
Q

What is fungi?

A

• free living saprophytes found in every habitat on earth.
• some are part of normal human microflora.
• few are capable of causing disease in humans & when they do, they are infections of skin & subcutaneous tissue.
• serious infections are usually initiated through puncture wounds or inhalation.
• can cause life threatening opportunistic diseases when host has been weakened.

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27
Q

What are the 2 groups of fungi?

A
  1. Yeast
  2. Molds
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28
Q

What is yeast described as?

A

smooth with a waxy or creamy texture

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29
Q

What are moldes described as?

A

cottony or powdery texture that can penetrate growth surface or project above

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30
Q

What are yeasts and molds?

A

• Yeasts & molds produce rigid cell wall layer which makes it not susceptible to effects of antibiotics.
• Can reproduce disease in humans only if they can grow at
temperature of infected body site.
Ex. Athletes Foot- fungal infection, scaly rash, contagious,
OTC meds

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31
Q

What is Candida?

A

Type of yeast that is commensal flora of skin, mucous membranes & GI tract, are capable of growth at wider range of temperature. Alterations in immune system by disease or antibiotic therapy can upset balance & result in overgrowth, setting stage for opportunistic infection.

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32
Q

What are types of parasites?

A

• Protozoa
• Helminths (a.k.a. Worms)
• Arthropods

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33
Q

What is Protozoa?

A

• most are saprophytes but few have adapted to accommodations of human environment & produce variety of diseases, for example Malaria.

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34
Q

Transmission of Protozoa?

A

host to host through sexual contact or indirectly from
water or food or by arthropod vector.

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35
Q

What are Helminths (a.k.a. Worms)?

A

• humans can serve as definitive or intermediate
host or as both.

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36
Q

Transmission of Helminths (a.k.a. Worms)?

A

ingestion of fertilized eggs or penetration of infectious larval stages through skin (Ex. Roundworms, tapeworms, flukes)

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37
Q

What are Arthropods?

A

• vectors of disease such as ticks, mosquitoes, biting flies, lice, fleas & mites infest external body surfaces & cause localized tissue damage or inflammation secondary to bite or burrowing action of arthropod.

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38
Q

Transmission of Arthropods?

A

directly by contact with any form of arthropod or its
eggs to human, clothing, bedding or grooming articles.

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39
Q

What is Epidemiology?

A

study of factors, events, & circumstances that influence transmission of infectious disease in human populations.

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40
Q

Epidemiology focuses on?

A

• Incidence of disease
• Prevalence of disease
• Source of infection
• Portal of entry
• Site of infection
• Virulence factors
• Signs & symptoms
• Clinical course of disease

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41
Q

The ultimate goal of epidemiologic studies?

A

Ultimate goal of epidemiologic studies are interruption of spread of infectious disease & its eradication.

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42
Q

Source of Infection can be __________________ or _______________.

A

Endogenous or Exogenous

43
Q

Infection can be transmitted by?

A

• Source of infection can be another person.
• Contact transmission
• Droplet transmission
• Airborne transmission
• Vector born transmission
• Vehicle born transmission

44
Q

What are locations that are sources of infection?

A

• Nosocomial infections/ hospital acquired infections
• Community acquired
• Based on their portal of entry
- Penetration
- Direct contact
- Congenital infections
- Ingestion
- Inhalation
- Droplet infection
- Airborne infection

45
Q

What is Site of Infection?

A

refers to part of body that is infected.
• Local infection
• Systemic, or generalized infection

46
Q

What is Pathogenicity?

A

Capacity of microorganism to cause disease or make you sick.

47
Q

What is Virulence?

A

Disease producing potential of invading organism is based on the following:
• Invasive qualities
• Toxic qualities
• Adherence to tissue
• Ability to avoid host defences

48
Q

What are Universal precautions?

A

Universal precautions include hand washing, wearing gloves, & personal protective clothing.
* Hand washing is most effective way to stop spread of most common pathogens.

49
Q

___________________ is most effective way to stop spread of most common pathogens.

A

Hand washing

50
Q

What are sterilization of fomites?

A

inanimate objects capable of transmitting pathogens – by methods such as autoclaving.

51
Q

How can we control transmission of infection?

A

• Universal precautions include hand washing, wearing gloves, & personal protective clothing. Hand washing is most effective way to stop spread of most common pathogens.
• Reservoir or source of infection must be located & removed.
• Portal of exit of microbes should be blocked (like by covering your mouth when you cough)
• Knowledge of mode or modes of transmission of pathogen is essential to block transmission.
• Reduce host susceptibility by immunization, proper diet, & nutrition.
• Adequate cleaning of surroundings & clothing.
• Use of disinfectants (that destroy microorganisms & their toxins on inanimate objects) & antiseptics (that are applied to the skin, to destroy microorganisms)
• Sterilization of fomites – inanimate objects capable of transmitting pathogens – by methods such as autoclaving

52
Q

What is Symptomatology (a.k.a. clinical picture; disease presentation)?

A

Refers to collection of signs & symptoms expressed by host during disease course.

• outward expression of struggle between invading organisms & hosts response of inflammation & immune reaction.
• can be specific & reflect site of infection or nonspecific & shared by many diverse infectious diseases. Ex. pneumonia vs myalgia.
• can be obvious or covert. ex. chicken pox vs increased WBC count

53
Q

Examples signs and symptoms of Symptomatology include?

A

• Fever & chills
• Increased pulse & respiratory rates
• Aches, pain, or tenderness
• Fatigue & loss of energy
• Loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, & diarrhea
• Rash, redness, & swelling of body part
• Sores on mucous membrane

54
Q

What are the phases of disease course?

A
  1. Incubation period
  2. Prodromal stage
  3. Acute stage
  4. Convalescent stage
  5. Resolution stage
55
Q

What is the Incubation period of disease course?

A

Pathogen begins active replication without producing symptoms.

56
Q

What is the Prodromal stage of disease course?

A

Initial appearance of symptoms that usually show as vague sense of malaise.

57
Q

What is the Acute stage of disease course?

A

Host experiences maximum impact & has most symptoms.

58
Q

What is the Convalescent stage of disease course?

A

Containment of infection, progressive elimination of pathogen, repair of damaged tissue, & resolution of associated symptoms.

59
Q

What is the Resolution stage of disease course?

A

Total elimination of pathogen from body with no residual signs or symptoms.

60
Q

There are some exceptions to the classical presentation which include?

A

• Chronic infections
• Subclinical/ sub-acute illness
• Insidious
• Fulminant

61
Q

Diagnosis (Dx) is based on?

A

• History
• Physical examination
• Culture- propagation of a microorganism outside of body.
• Serology- study of serum to measure antibodies in diseased host

62
Q

Types of Treatment (Tx)?

A

• Antimicrobial agent- use of certain substances that were useful for preventing or curing wound infections.
• Immunotherapy- supplementing or stimulating hosts immune response to limit or reverse spread of pathogen.
• Surgical intervention- previously only available option to prevent host death.

63
Q

What are Bacterial Infections?

A

• Bacteria are microscopic, single celled organisms
(prokaryotes).
• There are thousands of different kinds, they live in every conceivable environment
• Only few kinds of bacteria cause disease
• Sometimes bacteria that usually reside harmlessly in human body may cause disease
• Can cause disease by producing toxins, invading tissue, or both

64
Q

What are scientific names?

A

• Classified by species
• Within species there may be different types (strains) which differ in genetic makeup, & chemical components.

65
Q

What is Staining?

A

Bacteria may be classified by colour they turn after they are treated with certain chemicals (stains).

66
Q

The most common stain is?

A

Gram Stain

67
Q

Gram-positive turns _____________ when stained

A

purple

68
Q

Gram-negative turns ______________ when stained

A

pink

69
Q

What is Gram -positive and -negative bacteria?

A

Gram -positive & -negative bacteria have differences in their cell wall structure. They cause different infections, & they response differently to antibiotics.

70
Q

All bacteria may be classified as one of 3 basic shapes?

A
  1. Spheres (cocci)
  2. Rods (bacilli)
  3. Spirals (spirillum)
71
Q

Bacteria are classified by whether they need oxygen to live and grow. What are the three classifications?

A

• Aerobes
• Anaerobes
• Facultative

72
Q

What does bacterial structure consist of?

A

• Outer ridge cell wall
• Cell membrane
• External capsule
• Flagella
• Pili, or fimbriae
• Spores

73
Q

Toxins and enzymes may be secreted by bacteria, what are the 2 types of toxins?

A
  • Exotoxins
  • Endotoxins
74
Q

What happens to Exotoxins?

A

diffuse through the body

75
Q

What happens to Endotoxins?

A

released when the bacteria dies

76
Q

What produces Enzymes & whats their effect to host?

A

produced by some bacteria & cause damage to host tissue.

77
Q

Bacteria have different ways to defend themselves from the host’s immune system such as?

A

• Biofilm
• Capsule
• Outer membrane/cell wall
• Spores
• Flagella
• Antibiotic resistance

78
Q

What is Staphylococcal (Staph) Infections?

A

• There are more than 30 strains of staphylococcus.
• Most are produced by Staph Aureus.

79
Q

Common infections include?

A
  • Skin infections
  • Cellulitis
  • Pneumonia
  • Food Poisoning
  • Breast abscesses
  • Postoperative infections
  • Toxic shock syndrome (TSS)
  • Bactermia
80
Q

What is Streptococcal (Strep) Infections?

A

• Strep comes in strains from A to G.
• The most common infections arise from groups A and B strep

81
Q

What is Group A Strep?

A

Bacterium commonly found in throat & on skin, can cause a range of infections from relatively mild sore throats & skin infections to life threatening invasive disease

82
Q

What are key features of Group A Strep?

A

• Spread by person to person contact
• Symptoms usually start 1-3 days after exposure
• S/S depend on type of infection, but typically present with inflammation

83
Q

Strep A can lead to?

A

• Strep throat
• Scarlet fever
• Impetigo
• Toxic Shock Syndrome (TSS)
• Necrotizing Fasciitis

84
Q

What is strep throat

A

Where bacteria resides in nose & throat.
• May spread person to person from inhaling droplets
• S/S of strep throat usually develop within 3 days of exposure.
• Include red & white patches on throat, difficulty
swallowing, tender, swollen glands, enlarged tonsils, HA, fever, abdominal pain, anorexia, nausea, & general malaise.

85
Q

What is Scarlet fever?

A

Bacterial toxins cause a scarlet coloured rash.

86
Q

What is Impetigo?

A

Skin infection

87
Q

What is Necrotizing Fasciitis (fleshing eating disease)?

A

Severe inflammation & tissue necrosis due to infection by highly virulent strain. Invades tissues rapidly, reducing blood supply & secretes enzymes that digest tissue. Systemic toxicity may lead to organ failure.

88
Q

What is Group B Strep?

A

• Carried by most people without causing illness.
• Can cause serious infection to weakened immune system.
• May be transmitted to newborns from their mothers.
• Most common cause of blood infections & meningitis in newborns.

89
Q

Strep B can lead to?

A

• Urinary Tract Infections (UTI)
• Blood infections
• Skin infections
• Pneumonia

90
Q

What is Rheumatic Fever?

A

• Inflammatory disease that may develop after strep infection.
• May affect heart, joints, skin, & brain.
• Can lead to Endocarditis & be an issue later in life.
• Mainly affects children from ages 6-15.

91
Q

Symptoms of Rheumatic Fever include?

A

• Abdominal pain
• Fever
• Cardiac problems that may be asymptomatic, or present with dyspnea (shortness of breath) or chest pain
• Joint pain, joint swelling
• Nosebleeds (epistaxis)
• Shin nodules
• A ring, or snakelike rash

92
Q

What is Bacterial Meningitis?

A

• Serious infection of protective membranes of brain
& spinal cord (meninges).
• S/S include high fever, headache, stiff neck, nausea, & vomiting.
• Patients will be positive for Brudzinski’s sign (neck flexion will cause hip & knee flexion) or Kernig’s sign (extreme pain with hip flexion & knee extension)
• Bacteria may spread by direct close contact with
discharges from nose or throat of infected person.
• Can be treated with antibiotics
• Prevention depends on use of vaccines & rapid
diagnosis.

93
Q

What is Brudzinski’s sign?

A

Neck flexion will cause hip & knee flexion

94
Q

What is Kernig’s sign?

A

Extreme pain with hip flexion & knee extension

95
Q

Upper respiratory tract infections include infections like _______________.

A

strep throat

96
Q

-Lower respiratory infections include _____________________ and _____________________.

A

bacterial pneumonia and bronchitis

97
Q

Tx for both URT and LRT is __________________.

A

antibiotics

98
Q

What is Tuberculosis?

A

• Lung infection caused by mycobacterium tuberculae.
• Bacteria with waxy capsule that makes it hard for macrophages to destroy them.
• Bacteria may remain dormant in granulomas in lungs called Ghon Foci. If ghon foci rupture, then active case of TB begins.
• Bacteria may spread to any part of body, & cause inflammation & damage to lung parenchyma.

99
Q

What are Enteric Bacterial Infections?

A

infections of the intestines

100
Q

Some of the bacteria that cause enteric selections are?

A

• Escherichia coli (E.Coli)
• Vibrio cholera (causes Cholera)
• Salmonella
• Shigella
• Anaerobic Streptococci

101
Q

What is Salmonella Infection?

A

• more than 2000 varieties
• about 10 are pathogenic to humans
• most known as Gastroenteritis
• S/S start 12-72 hours after exposure to bacterium, lasts for about 5-7 days, usually resolves without treatment & includes nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal cramps, fever.
• few varieties can lead to Typhoid Fever, a sometimes deadly disease, more common in developing countries. Incubation period ranges from 5-21 days, S/S last 7-10 days. Symptoms include diarrhea/constipation, high fever,
bradycardia, raised red spots on upper chest,
enlargement of the liver & spleen. Can be treated with antibiotics

102
Q

What is Shigella Infection (a.k.a. Shillosis)?

A

• common in settings where hygiene is poor.
• spread via fecal-oral route.
• S/S start 2 days after exposure, resolve after 5-7 days.
• symptoms include fever, diarrhea (often blood) abdominal cramps, dehydration.
• treatment usually palliative & antibiotics may be used.
• anti-diarrheals should be avoided.
• can be prevented by using hygienic food prep & hand washing.

103
Q

What are Bacterial Infections of the Urinary Tract?

A

• affect urethra, urinary bladder, ureters, & kidneys.
• commonly caused by gram negative bacteria such as e. coli, pseudomonas aeruginosa, & klebsiella.
• S/S include urinary frequency & urgency, dysuria, lower abdominal pain, & flank pain.
• diagnosis determined with urine test & culture.
• prevention by proper hygiene
• treated with antibiotics.

104
Q

What is Lyme’s Disease?

A

• most common tick-borne infection in northern hemisphere.
• S/S include headache, fever fatigue, depression, followed by target shaped rash known as erythema migrans or “bulls-eye rash” then may involve joints,
heart & CNS.
• can be treated by antibiotics but it’s difficult illness to treat, some patients must be treated with multiple doses over years.

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