CKD

Question 1

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a chronic reduction in kidney function sustained over three months. It tends to be permanent and progressive. What is the incidence of CKD?

1 - 1 cases per 100,000
2 - 10 cases per 100,000
3 - 100 cases per 100,000
4 - 1000 cases per 100,000

Answer 1

3 - 100 cases per 100,000

Equally likely in men and women

To be diagnosed with CKD, decline in renal function must persist for >12 weeks

Question 2

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a chronic reduction in kidney function sustained over three months. It tends to be permanent and progressive. What age does the the incidence of CKD peak?

1 - 30-40
2 - 50-60
3 - 60-70
4 - >75

Answer 2

3 - 60-70

Question 3

The function of the kidneys declines with age, but which of the following can accelerate the decline in renal function?

1 - Diabetes
2 - Hypertension
3 - Medications (e.g., NSAIDs or lithium)
4 - Glomerulonephritis
5 - Polycystic kidney disease
6 - all of the above

Answer 3

6 - all of the above

Question 4

All of the following can accelerate the decline in renal function in CKD, but which 2 are most common?

1 - Diabetes
2 - Hypertension
3 - Medications (e.g., NSAIDs or lithium)
4 - Glomerulonephritis
5 - Polycystic kidney disease
6 - all of the above

Answer 4

1 - Diabetes
Specifically diabetes nephropathy and causes scarring called golmerula sclerosis

2 - Hypertension
Specifically causes scarring of small vessels of the glomerulus and tubules called nephrosclerosis

Question 5

Do patients with CKD always present with symptoms?

Answer 5

• No

Typically patients are asymptomatic and present only when the kidneys are unable to compensate

Question 6

All of the following are typically non-specific early symptoms of CKD, EXCEPT which one?

1 - fatigue
2 - peripheral oedema/puffiness
3 - polyuria or nocturia
4 - cardiovascular symptoms
5 - hypertension

Answer 6

4 - cardiovascular symptoms

Late and severe sign of CKD

Question 7

What is the primary reason for anaemia in CKD?

1 - haematuria
2 - insufficient anti- coagulant proteins causing bleeding
3 - high levels of erythropoietin
4 - low levels of erythropoietin

Answer 7

4 - low levels of erythropoietin
- erythropoietin stimulates bone marrow to make more RBCs

Question 8

In CKD which of the following is most common?

1 - microcytic anaemia (<80fl)
2 - normcytic anaemia (80-100fl)
3 - macrocytic anaemia (>100fl)
4 - mixture of all of them

Answer 8

2 - normcytic anaemia (80-100fl)
- there is sufficient iron and folate and production is normal, BUT there is less of the RBCs