Inguinal Hernias Flashcards
A hernia is when an organ or body part protrudes through a muscle or wall that normally contains it. Which type of the following hernias are more common?
1 - incisional hernia
2 - inguinal hernia
3 - femoral hernia
4 - umbilical hernia
2 - inguinal hernia
- 70,000 of the total hernias are inguinal per year
Do hernias increase or decrease with age?
- increase
Are inguinal hernias more common in men or women?
- men = 27% lifetime risk
- women = 3% lifetime risk
Which of the following is NOT a typical risk factor for an inguinal hernia?
1 - age
2 - patent processus vaginalis
3 - connective tissue variations
4 - body mass index
5 - smoking
6 - lifting and standing
5 - smoking
What is the relationship between BMI and inguinal hernias in a BMI <35?
1 - high BMI = higher risk
2 - high BMI = lower risk
3 - BMI not linked to risk
4 - high and low BMI increase risk
2 - high BMI = lower risk
- a lower BMI increases risk of inguinal hernia
- BUT BMI >35 increases risk
From the outside of the abdomen/groin area there are a number of layers. Organise the layers below from inside to outside?
1 - aponeurosis of the external oblique muscle
2 - transversalis fascia
3 - peritoneum
4 - transversalis muscle
5 - external oblique muscle
6 - peritoneum fat
7 - internal oblique muscle
1 - peritoneum
2 - peritoneum fat
3 - transversalis fascia
4 - transversalis muscle
5 - internal oblique muscle
6 - external oblique muscle
7 - aponeurosis of the external oblique muscle
The aponeurosis of which muscle forms the inguinal ligament?
1 - transversalis muscle
2 - internal oblique muscle
3 - external oblique muscle
4 - rectus abdominus
3 - external oblique muscle
- rolls up forming the inguinal canal as well
The external oblique muscles form the aponeurosis that attaches the muscle to the pelvis forming the inguinal ligament. Which 2 of the following are the important attachment sites for the inguinal ligament?
1 - pubic symphysis
2 - pubic tubercle
3 - anterior superior iliac spine
4 - posterior superior iliac spine
2 - pubic tubercle
3 - anterior superior iliac spine
The inguinal ligament, formed by the external oblique muscles rolls up and forms the inguinal canal, which allows spermatic cord (from the scrotum to the pelvis) in males and in females, it contains the round ligament of the uterus and the ilioinguinal nerve. Label the roof, floor, anterior and posterior walls of the inguinal canal using the labels below:
- aponeurosis of the external oblique (reinforced by internal oblique muscle laterally)
- inguinal ligament
- transversalis fascia, internal oblique, and transversus abdominis
– transversalis fascia
- anterior wall = aponeurosis of the external oblique (reinforced by internal oblique muscle laterally)
- posterior wall = transversalis fascia
- roof = transversalis fascia, internal oblique, and transversus abdominis
- floor = inguinal ligament
During development there is a ligament that is important for dragging male and female organs down into the posterior aspect of the groin. What is the name of this ligament?
1 - round ligament
2 - falciform ligament
3 - gubernaculum ligament
4 - cardinal ligament
3 - gubernaculum ligament
During development the gubernaculum ligament is important for dragging male and female organs down into the posterior aspect of the groin. What does this then become in males?
1 - round ligament
2 - falciform ligament
3 - gubernaculum testis ligament
4 - cardinal ligament
3 - gubernaculum testis ligament
- eventually forms the gubernaculum testis (“scrotal ligament”
- attaches testes to scrotum
During development the gubernaculum ligament is important for dragging male and female organs down into the posterior aspect of the groin. What does it become in females?
1 - round ligament
2 - ovarian ligament
3 - gubernaculum testis ligament
4 - cardinal ligament
1 - round ligament
2 - ovarian ligament
- ovarian connects ovaries to side of uterus
- round connects uterus to labia majora
As the gubernaculum moves down through the inguinal canal thanks to a physiological herniation of the abdominal wall, called what?
1 - processus vaginalis
2 - round ligament
3 - labia majora
4 - vas deferens
1 - processus vaginalis
- developmental out pouching of the parietal peritoneum
The processus vaginalis is a developmental out pouching of the parietal peritoneum. The gubernaculum moves down through the processus vaginalis into the inguinal canal and to where the male and female reproductive organs are located. If the processus vaginalis does not seal properly in development it can lead to all of the following except which one?
1 - hydrocele
2 - hematocele
3 - direct inguinal hernia
4 - testicular torsion
5 - indirect inguinal hernia
3 - direct inguinal hernia
The inguinal canal has 2 openings, the deep and superficial inguinal ring. Which of the following is the anatomical marker for locating the deep inguinal ring?
1 - mid inguinal point
2 - 2cm medially to pubic symphysis
3 - 2cm laterally to pubic tubercle
4 - midpoint of inguinal ligament
4 - midpoint of inguinal ligament
The midpoint of inguinal ligament is the location of the deep inguinal ring and is often confused with the mid inguinal point. What important structure can be located at the mid inguinal point?
1 - femoral vein
2 - femoral artery
3 - femoral nerve
4 - femoral lymphatics
2 - femoral artery