Cystic Fibrosis Flashcards
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is an inherited condition in which the lungs and digestive system can become clogged with thick, sticky mucus. What is the incidence of CF?
1 - 1 / 200
2 - 1 / 2000
3 - 1/ 20,000
4 - 1 / 200,000
2 - 1 / 2000
- most common inherited disease in white populations
Does cystic fibrosis present at a specific age?
- no
- can present at any age
How is cystic fibrosis inherited?
1 - X-linked recessive
2 - X-linked dominant
3 - autosomal recessive
4 - autosomal dominant
3 - autosomal recessive
- need 2 mutated copies of the CFTR gene
- 25% chance offspring will develop CF if both parents are carriers
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is an autosomal recessive disease. Specifically, which gene is mutated that causes CF?
1 - HER2
2 - c-MYC
3 - CFTR
4 - BRCA1
3 - CFTR
- Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Regulator
- this gene encodes the CFTR protein
- located on chromosome 7
Although not affected, people can still be a carrier for the mutated CFTR gene. How many people is it estimated carry this?
1 - 1/25
2 - 1/250
3 - 1/2500
4 - 1/25,000
1 - 1/25
There are lots of different types of mutation in the Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Regulator (CFTR) gene, but which is most common?
1 - deltaF508
2 - V520F
3 - R117H
4 - G551D
1 - deltaF508
- typically causes misfolding of protein in endoplasmic reticulum
- less CFTR will be present in membranes
There are different types of mutations. Which is responsible for causing the mutation in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator?
1 - substitution
2 - deletion
3 - insertion
4 - translocation
3 - insertion
- this is a Single nucleotide polymorphisms
The cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) is a transmembrane pump that is involved in pumping which ion from inside the cell to outside the cell?
1 - Na+
2 - Cl-
3 - K+
4 - Ca2+
2 - Cl-
The cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) is a transmembrane Cl- pump that is involved in pumping Cl- from inside the cell to outside the cell. Once secreted into secretions, what does Cl- then do?
1 - degrades secretions such as mucus
2 - attracts H2O into secretions and thins secretions
3 - inhibits secretions
4 - all of the above
2 - attracts H2O into secretions and thins secretions
- leads to very thick mucosa present in the lungs, pancreas and GIT
How can cystic fibrosis affect newborns?
1 - inhibits the closure of ductus arteriosus
2 - thickens meconium
3 - blocks oval foreman
4 - leads to blockage of portal system
2 - thickens meconium
- can causes a SURGICAL EMERGENCY called meconium ileus as the GIT becomes blocked
In early childhood which of the following is most affected in cystic fibrosis?
1 - lungs
2 - GIT
3 - reproductive organs
4 - pancreas
4 - pancreas
- leads to pancreatic insufficiency
In early childhood the pancreas is the most affected organ in cystic fibrosis. Thick secretions can cause what to become blocked?
1 - pancreatic duct becomes blocked
2 - 2nd part of the duodenum
3 - blockage of common bile duct
4 - blockage of terminal ileum
1 - pancreatic duct becomes blocked
- leads to impaired exocrine secretions
- proteins and fats cannot be absorbed
In early childhood the pancreas is the most affected organ in cystic fibrosis. Thick secretions can cause the pancreatic duct to become blocked, reducing exocrine sections into the GIT and reducing protein and fat absorption. This can lead to all of the following, EXCEPT which one?
1 - poor weight gain
2 - failure to thrive
3 - clay-colored stools
4 - acute and chronic pancreatitis
5 - insulin dependent diabetes
3 - clay-colored stools
- typically causes steatorrhea
- pancreatitis is due to enzymes being trapped in pancreatic duct that begin to digest itself
- insulin dependent diabetes is a chronic effect
In early childhood the pancreas is the most affected organ in cystic fibrosis (CF). Thick secretions can cause the pancreatic duct to become blocked, reducing exocrine sections into the GIT and reducing protein and fat absorption. This can also lead to exocrine enzymes self-digesting the pancreas causing pancreatitis, and eventually chronic pancreatitis. What can this then cause in the pancreas?
1 - pancreatomegaly
2 - ulcers
3 - fibrosis and cysts
4 - all of the above
3 - fibrosis and cysts
- where the name CF comes from
- cysts are fluid filled sacs wrapped in a membrane
Later in childhood cystic fibrosis affects the lungs. What happens in the lungs?
1 - mucus becomes thick and sticky
2 - mucociliary escalator cannot move mucus towards the trachea
3 - bacteria are able to infiltrate the thick mucus and colonise the lungs
4 - all of the above
4 - all of the above
Later in childhood cystic fibrosis affects the lungs, causing the following to occur:
- mucus becomes thick and sticky
- mucociliary escalator cannot move mucus towards the trachea
- bacteria are able to infiltrate the thick mucus and colonise the lungs
If the bacterial load increases sufficiently this can lead to symptoms. Which of the following is NOT a common symptom?
1 - fever
2 - cough
3 - X-ray changes on the chest
4 - increased lung function
4 - increased lung function
- causes a decreased lung function
- these symptoms is called a CF exacerbation and need to be treated with antibiotics