Chronic Inflammation II

Question 1

Granulomatous inflammation

Answer 1

characterized by aggregates of activated macrophages having a squamous cell like (epithelioid) appearance

Question 2

When do you see granulomatous inflammation

Answer 2

persistent T cell responses to certain microbes and fungi. TB is prototype

Question 3

granuloma

Answer 3

focal area of granulomatous inflammation

Question 4

what does granuloma consist of

Answer 4

aggregation of macrophages that are transformed into epithelioid cells. Epithelioid cells surrounded by lymphocytes and occasionally plasma cells

Question 5

What does granulation tissue look like histologically?

Answer 5

proliferation of fibrobalsts and new thin-walled delicate capillaries in a loose ECM

Question 6

granumomas cells may fuse to form what

Answer 6

multinucleated giant cells

Question 7

peripheral arrangement of granuloma

Answer 7

langhan-s type

Question 8

haphazard arrangement of granulomas

Answer 8

foreign body type

Question 9

lymphagitis

Answer 9

inflammation of lymphatic channels, leukocytes and cell debris - causes red streaks up the arm

Question 10

reactice lymphadentitis

Answer 10

inflammation of draining LNs

Question 11

what happens if infection overwhelms LNs

Answer 11

bacteremia

Question 12

clinical effects of inflammation

Answer 12

fever, increased EBCs, decraed appetite, altered sleep patterns, changes in serum acute phase proteins

Question 13

what causes fever

Answer 13

cytokines stimulate PG synthesis in hypothalamic thermoregulatory center, reset body thermometer

Question 14

what are acute phase proteins

Answer 14

CRP, fibrinogen, SAA

Question 15

what is phase protein syntheiss upregulated by

Answer 15

IL-1, TNF alpha

Question 16

function of acute phase proteins

Answer 16

bind to microbial cell walls, may act as opsonins and fix complement

Question 17

Leukocytosis

Answer 17

increased total WBC count

Question 18

leukoemoid reaction

Answer 18

extermely high white cell count

Question 19

shift to the left

Answer 19

increase in immature WBCs due to accelerated release from bone marrow, increased BM production

Question 20

Neutrophilia

Answer 20

increased in absolute number of neutrophils seen in most bacterial infections

Question 21

lymphocytosis

Answer 21

increase in absolute number of lymphs, seen mostly in viral infections

Question 22

eosinophilia

Answer 22

incrase in absolute number of eosinophils, seen in asthma, hay fever, parasitic infections

Question 23

leukopenia

Answer 23

decease in absolute number of WBCs, seen in certain infections, also seen in debilitated hosts or overwhelming infection

Question 24

autonomic response in inflammation

Answer 24

increased pulse and bp, deceased sweating

Question 25

behavioral response to inflammation

Answer 25

shiver, chills, anorexia, somnolence and malaise

Question 26

in severe bactieral infections large numbers of organisms and LPS lead to waht?

Answer 26

large quantities of cytokines, espeically TNF and IL-1

Question 27

what can increased TNF lead to

Answer 27

DIC

Question 28

What is the triad of septic shock

Answer 28

DIC, hypoglycemia, CV failure

Question 29

result of defect inflammation

Answer 29

increased susceptibility to infections and delayed wound healing

Question 30

result of excessive inflammation

Answer 30

autoimmune problems, cancer

Question 31

gastritis is associated with what

Answer 31

gastric adenocarcinoma, MALT

Question 32

schistommiasis is associated with what

Answer 32

bladder, liver, and rectal cancer

Question 33

cholangitis is assocaited with what

Answer 33

colon cancer