Cellular Adaptations and Accumulations

Question 1

adaptation

Answer 1

state between the normal, unstressed cell and the injured over-stressed cell. new but altered steady state

Question 2

reversible

Answer 2

changes in size, number, phenotype, metabolic activity or functions of cell in response to changes in their environment

Question 3

physiological adaptation

Answer 3

responses of cells to normal stimulation by hormones or endogenous chemical mediators

Question 4

pathological adaption

Answer 4

can share same underlying mechanisms, allows cells to modulate their environment and escape injury

Question 5

hyperplasia

Answer 5

increase in number of cells

Question 6

metaplasia

Answer 6

change in cell type (to another normal type of cell, but it’s a different type)

Question 7

hypertrophy

Answer 7

increase in size of cells, but not number

Question 8

examples of physiologic hypertrophy

Answer 8

weight lifter

pregnant uterus

Question 9

examples of pathologic hypertrophy

Answer 9

cardiac enlargement that occurs with hypertension

Question 10

3 types of signals invovled with hypertrophy

Answer 10

mechanical triggers
vasoactive agents
growth factors

Question 11

cells that go into hyperplasia must be capable of what

Answer 11

replication

Question 12

hormonal hyperplasia

Answer 12

increase in functional capacity of tissue when needed (breast during pregnancy)

Question 13

compensatory hyperplasia

Answer 13

increased tissue mass after damage of resection

Question 14

most cases of pathogolic hyperplasia is due to what

Answer 14

excessive hormones or growth factors acting on target cells

Question 15

examples of pathologic hyperplasia

Answer 15

endometrial hyperplasia, BPH

Question 16

how does hyperplasia happen

Answer 16

growth factor driven proliferation of mature, and sometimes increased output of new cells from tissue stem cells

Question 17

causes of atrophy

Answer 17

decreased workload
loss of innervation
loss of blood supply
inadequate nutrition
loss of endocrine stimulation
pressure

Question 18

What does atrophy result from

Answer 18

decreased protein synthesis, increased protein degradation

Question 19

Degrations occurs mainly by what

Answer 19

ubiquitin-proteasome pathway

Question 20

What is autophagy

Answer 20

starved cells eat their own components to find nutrients and survive

Question 21

What happens if cell debris in vacuole resists digestion

Answer 21

increasd number of autophagic vacuoles and membrane bound residual bodies (lipofuscin)

Question 22

When does metaplasia happen

Answer 22

cells that are sensitive to a particular stress are replaced by cells better able to withstand the stress

Question 23

How does metaplasia happen

Answer 23

happens from epithelial stem cells through genetic reprogramming

Question 24

example of metaplasia

Answer 24

bronchi in smokers - replacement of ciliated columnar cells with strtified squamous epithelial cells

Question 25

Why can metaplasia be bad

Answer 25

it can induce cancer

Question 26

Metaplasia is brought about by singals generated by what

Answer 26

cytokines, growth factors, extracellular matrix components

Question 27

dysplasia

Answer 27

disorder growth, most commonly seen in squamous epithelial cells following chronic injury

Question 28

What does dysplasia look like

Answer 28

variations in size and shape of cell
disorderly arrangement within the epithelium
nuclear changes

Question 29

what specific nuclear changes take place in dysplasia

Answer 29

enlargement, irregular borders, hyperchromasia of individual cell nuclei