Cellular Adaptations and Accumulations II

Question 1

What are subcellular responses to injury

Answer 1

distinctive alterations involving only subcellular organelles and cytosolic proteins

Question 2

lysosomes

Answer 2

vesicles filled with a variety of hydrolytic enzymes

Question 3

primary lysosomes

Answer 3

small membrane bound vesicles budding from golgi appartus

Question 4

secondary lysosomes

Answer 4

formed when primary lysosomes fuse with pinocytic or phagocytic vesicles. also called phagolysosomes

Question 5

heterophagy

Answer 5

materials from extracellular environment taken up through endocytosis

Question 6

residual bodies

Answer 6

undigested materials/lipids

Question 7

hereditary lysosomesal storage disorders

Answer 7

abnormal accumulations of intermediated metabolites

Question 8

what happens when smooth ER undergoes hypertophy

Answer 8

becomes more efficient

Question 9

What can cause mitochondrial to enlarge, have abnormal shapes

Answer 9

EtOH liver disease, nutritional deficiency

Question 10

What is the cytoskeleten made of

Answer 10

thin filaments, microtubules, intermediate filaments

Question 11

Thin filaments

Answer 11

actin, myosin.
function in movement, phagocytosis

Question 12

microtubules

Answer 12

function is motility, phagocytosis, mitotic spindle

Question 13

intermediate filaments

Answer 13

form intracellular scaffolid, maintain cellular architecture, can accumulate and be pathologic

Question 14

Cytoskeletal prteins

Answer 14

active participants in signal transduction

Question 15

intracellular accumulation

Answer 15

manifestation of metabolic derangement, storage of some product by individual cells

Question 16

What are the 3 categories of intracellular accumulations

Answer 16

normal endogenous substance that metabolism can’t remove
normal or abnormal endogenous substance that accumulates after some defect
abnormal exogenous substance that get’s deposited and can’t be removed

Question 17

What are mechanisms of intracellular accumulations

Answer 17

abnormal metabolism
alteration in protein folding/transport
deficiency of critical enzyme
inability to degrade phagocytosed particles

Question 18

steatosis (fatty change)

Answer 18

abnormal accumulations of triglycerides within parenchymal cells

Question 19

What causes steatosis

Answer 19

toxins, protein malnutrition, diabetes, obesity, anoxia, EtOH

Question 20

Atherosclerosis

Answer 20

in plaques, smooth muscle cells and macrophages within the aorta and large arteries fill with lipid vacuoles (foam cells) and aggregates produce yellow, cholesterol laden atheromas

Question 21

What happens when foam cells rupture

Answer 21

release lipids into extracellular space, may crystallize into cholesterol clefts

Question 22

What do protein accumulations look like

Answer 22

pink droplets in cytoplasm, can be extracellular

Question 23

What can cause protein accumulatiosn

Answer 23

reabsorption droplets in proteinuria, synthesis of excessive amounts of protein, defects in protein folding

Question 24

Russell bodies

Answer 24

synthesis of immunoglobulins by plasma cells, happen in protein accumulation

Question 25

Mallory body

Answer 25

alcoholic hyalin, seen in alcoholic liver disease, due to protein accumulation

Question 26

chaperones

Answer 26

aid in proper folding and transport, repair misfolded proteins, facilitate degradation of damaged protein

Question 27

ubiquitin

Answer 27

marks abnormal protein for degradation by proteosomal compelx

Question 28

Partially folded intermediates are ____ to aggregate formation or entanglement

Answer 28

vulnerable

Question 29

What happens to protein folding with ER stress

Answer 29

protein folding demand is higher than protein folding capacity

Question 30

What is ER stress induced by

Answer 30

unfolded and misfolded proteins

Question 31

What does alpha1 antitrypsin deficiency look like histologically

Answer 31

red globules on PAS stain

Question 32

What does amyloidosis look like histologially

Answer 32

orange red deposits on congo red stain

Question 33

Examples of intracellular stuff that can undergo hyaline change

Answer 33

protein droplets in tubules Russell bodies Mallory alcoholic hyalin viral inclusions

Question 34

Examples of extracellular stuff that can undergo hyaline change

Answer 34

collagenized scar, damged glomeruli, hyaline artheriosclerosis, atherosclerosis, amyloid

Question 35

What happens histologically to glycogen in diabetes patients

Answer 35

glycogen can be seen in cytoplasm of renal tubular epitherlium, hepatocytes, cariac mycoytes, beta cells of islets of langerhans

Question 36

What does mycardium look like in pompe disease

Answer 36

fibers are full of glycogen

Question 37

What is the most common exogenous pigment

Answer 37

carbon

Question 38

anthracosis

Answer 38

darkered LN and lung tissue due to carbon

Question 39

When carbon is inhaled, what does it get picked up by?

Answer 39

macrophages

Question 40

What can melanin accumulate

Answer 40

basal keratinocytes in skin or dermal macrophages

Question 41

hemosiderain

Answer 41

hemoglobin-derived, golden yellow to brown, pigment that sores iron

Question 42

hemosiderosis

Answer 42

way too much iron

Question 43

What are some things that can cause hemosiderosis

Answer 43

increased iron in diet impaired use of iron hemolytic anemias transfusions

Question 44

How can we identify hemosiderosis in lab

Answer 44

prussian blue stain

Question 45

what is jaundice caused by

Answer 45

excess bilirubin

Question 46

Dystrophic calcifation

Answer 46

occurs in injured or dying tissues, can cause organ dysfunction, seen in atherosclerotic plaques, aging, or damaged heart valves

Question 47

metastatic calcification

Answer 47

increased serum calcium

Question 48

What can cause hypercalcemia

Answer 48

cancer destroys bone high PTH level Vitamin-D disorder

Question 49

pathologic dystrophic

Answer 49

forms crystalline calcium phosphate, can lead to further dysfunction

Question 50

heterotopic bone

Answer 50

may form in foci of calcification