Cellular Adaptations and Accumulations II Flashcards
What are subcellular responses to injury
distinctive alterations involving only subcellular organelles and cytosolic proteins
lysosomes
vesicles filled with a variety of hydrolytic enzymes
primary lysosomes
small membrane bound vesicles budding from golgi appartus
secondary lysosomes
formed when primary lysosomes fuse with pinocytic or phagocytic vesicles. also called phagolysosomes
heterophagy
materials from extracellular environment taken up through endocytosis
residual bodies
undigested materials/lipids
hereditary lysosomesal storage disorders
abnormal accumulations of intermediated metabolites
what happens when smooth ER undergoes hypertophy
becomes more efficient
What can cause mitochondrial to enlarge, have abnormal shapes
EtOH liver disease, nutritional deficiency
What is the cytoskeleten made of
thin filaments, microtubules, intermediate filaments
Thin filaments
actin, myosin. function in movement, phagocytosis
microtubules
function is motility, phagocytosis, mitotic spindle
intermediate filaments
form intracellular scaffolid, maintain cellular architecture, can accumulate and be pathologic
Cytoskeletal prteins
active participants in signal transduction
intracellular accumulation
manifestation of metabolic derangement, storage of some product by individual cells
What are the 3 categories of intracellular accumulations
normal endogenous substance that metabolism can’t remove
normal or abnormal endogenous substance that accumulates after some defect
abnormal exogenous substance that get’s deposited and can’t be removed
What are mechanisms of intracellular accumulations
abnormal metabolism
alteration in protein folding/transport
deficiency of critical enzyme
inability to degrade phagocytosed particles
steatosis (fatty change)
abnormal accumulations of triglycerides within parenchymal cells
What causes steatosis
toxins, protein malnutrition, diabetes, obesity, anoxia, EtOH
Atherosclerosis
in plaques, smooth muscle cells and macrophages within the aorta and large arteries fill with lipid vacuoles (foam cells) and aggregates produce yellow, cholesterol laden atheromas
What happens when foam cells rupture
release lipids into extracellular space, may crystallize into cholesterol clefts
What do protein accumulations look like
pink droplets in cytoplasm, can be extracellular
What can cause protein accumulatiosn
reabsorption droplets in proteinuria, synthesis of excessive amounts of protein, defects in protein folding
Russell bodies
synthesis of immunoglobulins by plasma cells, happen in protein accumulation
Mallory body
alcoholic hyalin, seen in alcoholic liver disease, due to protein accumulation
chaperones
aid in proper folding and transport, repair misfolded proteins, facilitate degradation of damaged protein
ubiquitin
marks abnormal protein for degradation by proteosomal compelx
Partially folded intermediates are ____ to aggregate formation or entanglement
vulnerable
What happens to protein folding with ER stress
protein folding demand is higher than protein folding capacity
What is ER stress induced by
unfolded and misfolded proteins
What does alpha1 antitrypsin deficiency look like histologically
red globules on PAS stain
What does amyloidosis look like histologially
orange red deposits on congo red stain
Examples of intracellular stuff that can undergo hyaline change
protein droplets in tubules
Russell bodies
Mallory alcoholic hyalin
viral inclusions
Examples of extracellular stuff that can undergo hyaline change
collagenized scar, damged glomeruli, hyaline artheriosclerosis, atherosclerosis, amyloid
What happens histologically to glycogen in diabetes patients
glycogen can be seen in cytoplasm of renal tubular epitherlium, hepatocytes, cariac mycoytes, beta cells of islets of langerhans
What does mycardium look like in pompe disease
fibers are full of glycogen
What is the most common exogenous pigment
carbon
anthracosis
darkered LN and lung tissue due to carbon
When carbon is inhaled, what does it get picked up by?
macrophages
What can melanin accumulate
basal keratinocytes in skin or dermal macrophages
hemosiderain
hemoglobin-derived, golden yellow to brown, pigment that sores iron
hemosiderosis
way too much iron
What are some things that can cause hemosiderosis
increased iron in diet
impaired use of iron
hemolytic anemias
transfusions
How can we identify hemosiderosis in lab
prussian blue stain
what is jaundice caused by
excess bilirubin
Dystrophic calcifation
occurs in injured or dying tissues, can cause organ dysfunction, seen in atherosclerotic plaques, aging, or damaged heart valves
metastatic calcification
increased serum calcium
What can cause hypercalcemia
cancer destroys bone
high PTH level
Vitamin-D disorder
pathologic dystrophic
forms crystalline calcium phosphate, can lead to further dysfunction
heterotopic bone
may form in foci of calcification
