Cell Injury and Death II

Question 1

Necrosis

Answer 1

cell death that is not controlled by the cell, does not require the signals or activation of genes

Question 2

cytoplasmic changes in necrosis

Answer 2

eosinophilia, glassy appearance, vacuolation

Question 3

nuclear changes in necrosis

Answer 3

pyknosis, karyorrhexis, karolysis

Question 4

6 types of necrosis

Answer 4

coagulative
liqufactive
caseous
enzymatic fat
fibrinoid
gangrenous

Question 5

coagulative necrosis

Answer 5

seen in death due to ischemia, hypoxia, reperfusion injury

basic outline of cell preserved but with no nuclei (ghost like)

Question 6

liquefactive necrosis

Answer 6

death of brain tissue
abscesses where the center is made of pus.
amoorphous, granular under microscope

Question 7

caseous necrosis

Answer 7

accumulation of mononuclear cells that mediate the chronic inflammatory reaction and granuloma formation. looks cheesy.

Question 8

caseous necrosis is characteristic of what

Answer 8

TB

certain fungi

Question 9

enzymatic fat necrosis

Answer 9

due to action of lipases

fatty acids that are released reach with calcium to form a soap-like substance

Question 10

what does enzymatic fat necrosis look like under a microscope

Answer 10

material in fat cells

Question 11

what does enzymatic fat necrosis look like in gross

Answer 11

white, chalky

Question 12

If there is enough calcium the deposits in enzymatic fat necrosis will be _____-

Answer 12

basophilic

Question 13

what is enzymatic fat necrosis seen in

Answer 13

pancreatitis

Question 14

fibrinoid necrosis

Answer 14

injury in blood vessels with accumulation of plasma proteins causing wall to stain eosiohpilic

Question 15

gangrenous necrosis

Answer 15

affects multiple types of tissue, happens when there is no blood going to that tissue. not a specific pattern of cell death

Question 16

what is gangrenous necrosis often applied to

Answer 16

a limb lost from diabetes

Question 17

wet gangrene

Answer 17

gangrene + bacterial infection

Question 18

ischemia

Answer 18

caused by reduction of available oxygen, leads to tissue death

Question 19

reperfusion

Answer 19

blood flow/oxygenation of tissue is restored, leads to large amount of ROS damage

Question 20

what does ROS react with

Answer 20

lipid peroxide radicals
oxidation of proteins
oxidation of DNA

Question 21

other findings in ischemia/reperfusion injury

Answer 21

accumulation of neutrophils

activation of complement pathway

Question 22

roles of apoptosis (non-pathological)

Answer 22

em bryogenesis
hormone dependent involution
cell deletion in proliferating cell population
immune defense
removal of self-reactive lymphocytes
removal of cells that have served their purpose

Question 23

apoptosis (pathologic)

Answer 23

cell death in tumors
DNA damages
transplant rejection
atrophy after duct obstruction
some viral diseases

Question 24

stages of apoptosis

Answer 24

signaling pathways
intracellular signals
execution phase
removal of dead cells

Question 25

In DNA damage what activates proapoptic forms of Bcl-2

Answer 25

p53

Question 26

stimulation of proapoptic forms of Bcl-2 stimulates

Answer 26

Bax and Bak

Question 27

apoptosis extrinsic pathway

Answer 27

Fas, TNF activate adaptor proteins which bind caspases

Question 28

Apoptosis instrinsice pathway

Answer 28

Bax and Bak dimerize and form channels in the mitochondrial membrane leading to permeability of cytochromc C leakage and activation of caspases

Question 29

cell size of necrosis

Answer 29

enlarges

Question 30

cell size of apoptosis

Answer 30

reduces

Question 31

nuclues of necrosis

Answer 31

pyknosis, karyorrhexis, karyolysis

Question 32

nucleus of apoptosis

Answer 32

fragmentation

Question 33

plasma membrane of necrosis

Answer 33

disrupted

Question 34

plasma membrane of apoptosis

Answer 34

intact

Question 35

cellular contents of necrosis

Answer 35

enzymatic digestion, may leak out of cell

Question 36

cellular contents of apoptosis

Answer 36

intact

Question 37

acetaminophen

Answer 37

it’s metabolite is a highly reactive quinone that reacts with protein, DNA< causes oxygen stress - massive liver necrosis

Question 38

CCl4

Answer 38

reacts with membrane and ER

Question 39

heavy metals and cyanide

Answer 39

act on mitochondria

reduce ATP

Question 40

phalloidin, paclitaxel

Answer 40

act on cytoskeletal

prevent cell from replicating

Question 41

chemotherapeutic alkylating agents

Answer 41

damage DNA directly