Acute Inflammation II

Question 1

engulfment

Answer 1

pseudopods surround object forming phagosome that fuses with lysosome creating a phagolysosome

Question 2

oxygen dependent pathway (respirtatory/oxidative burst)

Answer 2

• oxygen is reduced to superoxide via NADPH oxidase
• superoxide is then converted to H2O2 by superoxide dismutatse
• myelo-peroxidase form neutrophilic granules, catalyze reaction between Cl- and H2O2 forming HOCl

Question 3

oxygen independent pathway

Answer 3

leukocyte granule proteins and enzymes

Question 4

Histamine and Serotonin

Answer 4

immediate but transient effect causing arteriolar dilation and increased permeability of postcapillary venules

Question 5

Where are histamine and serotonin stored

Answer 5

in preformed granules of mast cells and basophils and platelets

Question 6

What is the critical step in complement activation

Answer 6

cleavage of C3

Question 7

Classic pathway of complement activation

Answer 7

initiated by binding of an antigen antibody complex to C1

Question 8

alternate pathway of complement activation

Answer 8

C3 directly activated by bacterial endotoxins, complex polysaccharides, aggregated globulins

Question 9

lectin pathway of complement acitvation

Answer 9

C1 activation by binding of mannose-binding lectin to carbohydrates on microbes

Question 10

C3a, C4a, C5a

Answer 10

stimulate histamine release form mast cells leading to increased vascular permeability and vasodilation

Question 11

C5a

Answer 11

chemotaxis of monocytes and granulocytes, increases surface expression of leukocyte CAM, activates lipoxygenase pathway in neutrophils and monyctes

Question 12

C3b

Answer 12

opsonization with recogniztion by receptors on neutrophils, macrophages, eosinophils

Question 13

C5-9

Answer 13

membrane attack complex that inserts into lipid bilayer forming macropores that increase cell permeability and lead to lysis

Question 14

Hageman factor (facor XII)

Answer 14

activated by direct contact with endotoxins, collagen, or basement membrane. triggers the kinin system and the clotting cascade

Question 15

what does activated hageman factor do

Answer 15

convert prekallikrien into kallikriein

Question 16

kallikrien

Answer 16

amplifies activation of Hagemant factor

cleaves high molecular weight kininogen forming the kinins incuding bradkinin

Question 17

Bradykinin

Answer 17

a short lived vasoactive peptide

Question 18

What is bradkinin quickly inactivated by

Answer 18

plasma kininase

Question 19

Function of bradykinin

Answer 19

increased vascular permeability
dilates blood vessels
contracts non-vascular smooth muscle
causes pain

Question 20

FUnction of thromibin

Answer 20

links the coagulation system and inflammation

cleaves circulating soluble fibrinogen to generate insoluble fibrin

Question 21

plasmin

Answer 21

lyses fibrin clots

Question 22

what is plasmin formed by

Answer 22

cleaving of plasminogen by kallikrein or plasminogen activator released by endothelium and leukocytes

Question 23

what does plasmin do in inflammation

Answer 23

activates Hageman factor
cleaves C3 to C3a
degrades fibrin to form fibirin split produces

Question 24

Arachidonic acid

Answer 24

normally bound to cell membrane phosphlipids and released by the action of cellular phospholipases

Question 25

What pathways released arachidonic acid

Answer 25

COX and LOX

Question 26

COX pathway

Answer 26

converts arachidonic acid into prostaglandin intermediates

Question 27

What do the prostaglandin intermediated form

Answer 27

TXA2, PGI2, PGE2, PGD2, PGF2a,

Question 28

TXA2

Answer 28

potent platelet aggregator and vasoconstrictor

Question 29

PGI2

Answer 29

vasodilatior and inhibitor of platlet aggrestion

Question 30

PGE2

Answer 30

sensitizes skin to painful stimuli and plays role in cytokine-induced fever

Question 31

PGD2, PGF2a, PGE2

Answer 31

cause vasodilation and potentiate edema

Question 32

LOX pathway

Answer 32

converts arachidonic acid to leukotrines and lipoxins

Question 33

LT B4

Answer 33

potent chemoattractant causing neutrophil aggregation and adhesion to endothelial cells, generation of ROS, and release of lysosomes

Question 34

LT C4, D4, E4

Answer 34

cause intense vasoconstriction and bronchospasm and increase vascular permeability

Question 35

lipoxin A4, B4

Answer 35

inhibit neutrophil adhesion to endothelium and neutrophil chemotaxis

Question 36

What does platelet acitvating factor do at low concentration

Answer 36

vasodilation and venular permeability

Question 37

What are the key cytokines of inflammation

Answer 37

IL-1 and TNF

Question 38

Acute phase reactions of IL-1 and TNF

Answer 38

prudce fever, affect sleep and appetite, produce acute-phase proteins, cause neutrophilia and hemodynamic effects in shock

Question 39

endothelial effects of IL-1 and TNF

Answer 39

increase leukocyte adherence, stimulate PGI synthesis, increase procoagulant activity and increased productio nof IL1, IL6, IL8, PDGF

Question 40

Fibroblast effects of IL-1 and TBF

Answer 40

increases proliferation, collagen synthesis, and PGE synthesis, increases protease and collagenase production

Question 41

Leukocyte effects of IL-1 and TNF

Answer 41

increase cytokine secretion