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Pathology Exam I > Acute Inflammation II > Flashcards

Acute Inflammation II Flashcards

1
Q

engulfment

A

pseudopods surround object forming phagosome that fuses with lysosome creating a phagolysosome

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2
Q

oxygen dependent pathway (respirtatory/oxidative burst)

A
  • oxygen is reduced to superoxide via NADPH oxidase
  • superoxide is then converted to H2O2 by superoxide dismutatse
  • myelo-peroxidase form neutrophilic granules, catalyze reaction between Cl- and H2O2 forming HOCl
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3
Q

oxygen independent pathway

A

leukocyte granule proteins and enzymes

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4
Q

Histamine and Serotonin

A

immediate but transient effect causing arteriolar dilation and increased permeability of postcapillary venules

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5
Q

Where are histamine and serotonin stored

A

in preformed granules of mast cells and basophils and platelets

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6
Q

What is the critical step in complement activation

A

cleavage of C3

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7
Q

Classic pathway of complement activation

A

initiated by binding of an antigen antibody complex to C1

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8
Q

alternate pathway of complement activation

A

C3 directly activated by bacterial endotoxins, complex polysaccharides, aggregated globulins

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9
Q

lectin pathway of complement acitvation

A

C1 activation by binding of mannose-binding lectin to carbohydrates on microbes

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10
Q

C3a, C4a, C5a

A

stimulate histamine release form mast cells leading to increased vascular permeability and vasodilation

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11
Q

C5a

A

chemotaxis of monocytes and granulocytes, increases surface expression of leukocyte CAM, activates lipoxygenase pathway in neutrophils and monyctes

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12
Q

C3b

A

opsonization with recogniztion by receptors on neutrophils, macrophages, eosinophils

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13
Q

C5-9

A

membrane attack complex that inserts into lipid bilayer forming macropores that increase cell permeability and lead to lysis

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14
Q

Hageman factor (facor XII)

A

activated by direct contact with endotoxins, collagen, or basement membrane. triggers the kinin system and the clotting cascade

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15
Q

what does activated hageman factor do

A

convert prekallikrien into kallikriein

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16
Q

kallikrien

A

amplifies activation of Hagemant factor

cleaves high molecular weight kininogen forming the kinins incuding bradkinin

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17
Q

Bradykinin

A

a short lived vasoactive peptide

18
Q

What is bradkinin quickly inactivated by

A

plasma kininase

19
Q

Function of bradykinin

A

increased vascular permeability
dilates blood vessels
contracts non-vascular smooth muscle
causes pain

20
Q

FUnction of thromibin

A

links the coagulation system and inflammation

cleaves circulating soluble fibrinogen to generate insoluble fibrin

21
Q

plasmin

A

lyses fibrin clots

22
Q

what is plasmin formed by

A

cleaving of plasminogen by kallikrein or plasminogen activator released by endothelium and leukocytes

23
Q

what does plasmin do in inflammation

A

activates Hageman factor
cleaves C3 to C3a
degrades fibrin to form fibirin split produces

24
Q

Arachidonic acid

A

normally bound to cell membrane phosphlipids and released by the action of cellular phospholipases

25
Q

What pathways released arachidonic acid

A

COX and LOX

26
Q

COX pathway

A

converts arachidonic acid into prostaglandin intermediates

27
Q

What do the prostaglandin intermediated form

A

TXA2, PGI2, PGE2, PGD2, PGF2a,

28
Q

TXA2

A

potent platelet aggregator and vasoconstrictor

29
Q

PGI2

A

vasodilatior and inhibitor of platlet aggrestion

30
Q

PGE2

A

sensitizes skin to painful stimuli and plays role in cytokine-induced fever

31
Q

PGD2, PGF2a, PGE2

A

cause vasodilation and potentiate edema

32
Q

LOX pathway

A

converts arachidonic acid to leukotrines and lipoxins

33
Q

LT B4

A

potent chemoattractant causing neutrophil aggregation and adhesion to endothelial cells, generation of ROS, and release of lysosomes

34
Q

LT C4, D4, E4

A

cause intense vasoconstriction and bronchospasm and increase vascular permeability

35
Q

lipoxin A4, B4

A

inhibit neutrophil adhesion to endothelium and neutrophil chemotaxis

36
Q

What does platelet acitvating factor do at low concentration

A

vasodilation and venular permeability

37
Q

What are the key cytokines of inflammation

A

IL-1 and TNF

38
Q

Acute phase reactions of IL-1 and TNF

A

prudce fever, affect sleep and appetite, produce acute-phase proteins, cause neutrophilia and hemodynamic effects in shock

39
Q

endothelial effects of IL-1 and TNF

A

increase leukocyte adherence, stimulate PGI synthesis, increase procoagulant activity and increased productio nof IL1, IL6, IL8, PDGF

40
Q

Fibroblast effects of IL-1 and TBF

A

increases proliferation, collagen synthesis, and PGE synthesis, increases protease and collagenase production

41
Q

Leukocyte effects of IL-1 and TNF

A

increase cytokine secretion

Pathology Exam I (11 decks)

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