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Microbiology > Chpt 14 > Flashcards

Chpt 14 Flashcards

1
Q

Disease caused by exposure to resins in poison ivy and poison oak

A

Contact dermitits

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2
Q

___ inflammatory condition of the skin where sensitization occurs through ingestion,inhalation, and skin contact with allergens

A

Atopic dematitis/eczema

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3
Q

Most serious form of immunodeficiency

A

Severe combined immunodeficiency

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4
Q
  1. Which statement is true about autoimmunity?
    a. it involves misshapen antibodies
    b. it refers to “automantic immunity”
    c. it often manifets as type II,III, and IV hypersensitivities
    d. It has an acute course and then usually resolves itself
A

It often manifests as type II,III, and IV hypersensitivities

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5
Q

During immune complex disease, complex are deposited in ____ of epithelial tissues

A

Basement membranes

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6
Q

__ Is clicking,bubbling or rattling sounds in the lungs

A

Rales

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7
Q

Predominant consequences of ___ are recurrent, overwhelming infections with opportunistic microbes

A

Immunodeficiencies

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8
Q

Xenograft

A

Tissue exchanged between individuals of a different species

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9
Q

Substance that induce allergies in sensitive individuals

A

Allergens

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10
Q

If symptoms of allergy are not caused by the direct action of allergen on tissues, then what is it caused by?

A

Sypmtoms of allergy is caused by the physiological effects of mast-cells-derived allergic mediators on target organs.

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11
Q
  1. What percent of the human population is positive for the Rh antigen?
    a. 50%
    b. 65%
    c. 85%
    d. 99%
A

85%

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12
Q

To prevent an allergy

A

Avoid the allergen and practice desensitization

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13
Q

Systemic,sometimes fatal,reaction that involves airway obstruction and circulatory collapse

A

Anaphylaxis

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14
Q

Reduce pain by interfering with prostaglandis

A

Aspirin and acetaminophen

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15
Q

Example of immune complex-mediated (III)

A

Systemic lupus erythematosus

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16
Q

Autoimmune disease characterized by butterfly-shaped rash. All patients develop antibodies against organs, tissues, or intracellular materials

A

Systemic Lupus erythematosus

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17
Q

Reverses constriction of airways and slows the release of allergic mediators

A

Epinephrine (adrenaline)

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18
Q

Autoimmune disease that causes progressive debilitating damage, leads to scar tissue and joint destruction

A

Rheumatoid arthritirs

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19
Q

Characterized by sudden respiratory and circulatory disruption that can be fatal within minutes due to airway blockage

A

Systemic anaphylaxis

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20
Q

Type of hypersensitivity t-cell response

A

Type IV

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21
Q

Example of immediate hypersensitivity(I)

A

Anaphylaxis

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22
Q

____ involves:

  • production of IgG and IgM antibodies
  • activation of complements
A

Type III hypersensitivity

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23
Q

MEDICAL MOMENT. Which cells of the immune system do you think are responsible for processing the antigen presented in a patch test?

A

The dendricitc cells

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24
Q

Result of the sudden, massive release of chemicals into the tissues and blood, which act rapidly on target organs

A

Anaphylaxis/ anaphylactic shock

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25
Q

What type of method of testing is skin testing?

A

In vivo method

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26
Q

___ Respiratory disease characterized by episodes of impaired breathing due to severe bronchoconstriction

A

Asthma

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27
Q

Primary immunodeficiencies diseases are due to

A

often due to an inherited abnormality

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28
Q

Type I allergies can cause

A

Death

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29
Q

“Slow reacting substance of anaphylaxis” causes prolonged bronchospasm and mucus secretion

A

Leukotriene

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30
Q

Newborns breastfed exclusively for the first 4 months have a higher risk of asthma and eczema (t/f)

A

False, have a lower risk

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31
Q

Exaggerated immune response that is manifested by inflammation

A

Allergy

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32
Q

Secondary disease

A

Acquired after birth

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33
Q

NCLEX1. During a visit to his physician, patient is asked about his allergies. The patient reports a generalized, raised rash following a dose of an intravenous antibiotic. This is an example of:

a. Immediate hypersensitivity
b. Antibody-mediated hypersensitivity
c. Immune complex hypersensitivity
d. Cell-mediated hypersensitivity
e. Side effect

A

Immediate hypersensitiviy

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34
Q

Type of hypersensitivity “common” allergy and anaphylaxis

A

Type I

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35
Q

Type of hypersensitivity immune complex

A

Type III

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36
Q

Prevent symptoms of atopic allergy

Bind to histamine receptors on target organs

(benadryl)

A

Antihistamines

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37
Q

Isograft

A

Tissue from identical twins is used

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38
Q

___ hypersensitivity involves ___ and degranulation of mast cells, but not all reactions involve this mechanism

A

Food allergy, IgE

39
Q

What disease targets the bone marrow, and can be responsible for malfunction of humoral and cellular immunity

A

Cancers such as leukemia, plasma cell tumors, thymus tumors

40
Q

What does radioallergosorbent (RAST) test measure? example of ___

A

Levels of IgE to specific antigens, example of In Vitro

41
Q

Autoimmune disease of endocrine glands. Over-production of thyroid hormone and the symptoms of hyperthyroidism

A

Grave’s disease

42
Q

Primary disease

A

present at birth

43
Q

Increased sensitivity to pain

A

Prostaglandis

44
Q

Molecules that differ in the same species that are recognized by lymphocytes of the recipient

A

Alloantigens

45
Q

What would be a type II hypersensitivity?

A

Transfusion reactions

46
Q

NCLEX3. A patient receives a kidney transplantation from a nonrelated human donor. Which of the following would describe the tissue graft

a. autograph
b. allograft
c. isograft
d. xenograft

A

Allograft

47
Q

NCLEX4. AIDS, an infection-induced immunodeficiency, affects

a. T helper cells
b. Antigen-presenting cells
c. Red blood cells
d. A nd B
e. B and C

A

T helper cells and Antigen-presenting cells

48
Q

To prevent hemolytic disease of the new born, ____ is used.

A

RhoGAM antiserum

49
Q
  1. Which disease would be most similar to AIDS in its pathology?
    a. X-linked agammaglobulinemia
    b. SCID
    c. ADA deficiency
    d. Myesthenia gravis
A

Myesthenia gravis

50
Q

Which of the following is not an IgE- and/or mast-cell-mediated allergic condition?

a. Asthma
b. Food allergy
c. Systemic lupus erythematosus
d. Allergy to penicillin
c. Eczema

A

Systemic lupus erythematosus

51
Q

___ and ____ are associated with certain types of passive immunization

A

Arthus reaction and serum sickness

52
Q

What is more allergenic than carbohydrates,fats or nucleic acids?

A

Proteins

53
Q

NCLEX2. Anaphylaxis is characterized by which of the following clinical manifestations?

a. circulatory disruption
b. swelling of lips, tongue, throat
c. loss of consciousness
d. skin wheal and erythema
e. itching

A

Circulatory disruption

Swelling of lips,tongue and throat

Skin wheal and erythema

54
Q

___ is a generic term for allergic rhinitis

A

Hay fever

55
Q

__ complement-assisted destruction (lysis) of foreign cells by antibodies (IgG and IgM)

A

Type II hypersensitivity

56
Q

Involved in the mechanism of pain and very potent pain stimulator

A

Bradykinin

57
Q
  1. Allergy and atopy might evolve in human populations that have had “sudden” decrease in:
    a. vaccinations
    b. exposure to vitamin D
    c. exposure to helminth infections
    d. intake of processed sugar
A

Exposoure to helminth infections

58
Q

Examples of secondary immune deficiencies

A

Natural causes:

stress

pregnancy

aging

Immunosupressive agents:

Irradiation

Steroids

59
Q

Autograft

A

Tissue transplanted from one site on an individual body to another site

60
Q

Inhibit the activity of lymphocytes and reduce the production of IgE

A

Corticoseroids

61
Q

Allograft

A

Exchanges between genetically different individuals belonging to the same species. (person to person)

62
Q

Chronic local allergy such as hay fever or asthma

A

Atopy

63
Q

__ hypersensitivity to themselves, autoantibodies, T cels, or both mount an abnormal attack

A

autoimmune diseases

64
Q
  1. The hygiene hypothesis suggests that:
    a. there are still too many microorganisms in the body
    b. we may need more contact with antimicrobials during our maturation
    c. there are not enough microbes on farms
    d. we may need more contact with microbes during maturation
A

We may need more contact with microbes during maturation

65
Q

Involves primarily the T-cell branch of the immune system

A

Type IV hypersensitivity;

Cell-mediated (delayed) reactions

66
Q

__ This occurs when the mother is Rh- and the unborn child is Rh+

A

Placental sensitization

67
Q

Most common food allergens come from

A

peanuts, fish, cow’s milk, eggs, selfish, and soybeans

68
Q

If a woman had a placental sensitization for a pregnancy, the new pregnancy with a Rh+ fetus can result in ____

A

Hemolytic disease of the newborn

69
Q

Which of the following is not a result Of an abnormal or undesirable immune function

a. Asthma
b. Anaphylaxis
c. Contact dermatitis
d. Fever
e. Lupus

A

Fever

70
Q

Allergy and autoimmunity

A

Hypersensitivity

71
Q

Involves the reaction of soluble antigen with antibody, and deposition of resulting complexes in various tissues of the body.

A

Type III hypersensitivity

72
Q

What is the role of mast cells and basophils in type I allergy?

A

Bind IgE and degranulate, releasing inflammatory cytokines.

73
Q
  1. Which substance is most likely to be allergenic?
    a. protein
    b. fat
    c. carbohydrate
    d. nucleic acid
A

Protein

74
Q

Type of hypersensitivity IgG and IgM mediated cell damage

A

Type lI

75
Q

Neuromuscular autoimmunity, autoantibodies bind to rceptors of acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter required for muscle stimulation

A

Neuromuscular autoimmunity

76
Q

Immune system is incompletely developed, suppressed or destroyed

A

Hyposensitivity or immunodeficiency.

77
Q

Neuromuscular autoimmunity, paralyzing neuromuscular disease associated with lesions on the myelin sheath

A

Multiple sclerosis

78
Q

To treat an allergy:

A

Take drugs that block the action of lymphocytes, mast cells, or chemical mediators

79
Q

When is RhoGAM needed?

a. Rh+ mother, Rh+ fetus
b. Rh + mother, Rh - fetus
c. Rh - mother, Rh - fetus
d. Rh - mother, Rh + fetus

A

Rh - mother, Rh + fetus

80
Q

Produces free-floating complexes that are deposited into tissues

A

Immune complex reaction

81
Q

Constricts smooth muscle and causes labored breathing and wheal-and-flare ____

A

Histamine

82
Q

Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) does not prevent the action of prostaglandis (t/f)

A

False, it helps

83
Q

Allergen portals of entry

A

Inhalants, ingestants, injectants, contactans

84
Q

Example of t-cell mediated (IV)

A

Contact dermatitis, graft rejection

85
Q

Delivery by cesarean section and maternal history of allergy DOES NOT elevate childhood risk of allergy (t/f)

A

False. It does elevate childhood risk of allergy

86
Q

T cells to attack and lyse insulin-producing beta cells

A

Type 1 diabetes

87
Q

What is the most recognized infection-induced immunodeficiency?

A

AIDS

88
Q

Example of antibody-mediated (II)

A

Blood group incompatibility

89
Q
  1. Molecular mimicry is when____ on host cells resemble ______ on pathogens, causing the host to mount an immune response to host tissues
    a. antibodies
    b. markers
    c. antigens
    d. two of the above
A

Markers

90
Q

The study of disease associated with the overactivity or underactivity of the immune response

A

Immunopathology

91
Q

Effects complement those of histamine and bradykin

A

Serotonin

92
Q

Genetic basis for atopy

A

Increased IgE is produced

93
Q

Name some drug allergies

A

Antibiotics: penicillin

Synthetic antimicrobials: sulfa drugs

Contrast dye used in X rays

Microbiology (16 decks)

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