Chpt 14 Flashcards
Disease caused by exposure to resins in poison ivy and poison oak
Contact dermitits
___ inflammatory condition of the skin where sensitization occurs through ingestion,inhalation, and skin contact with allergens
Atopic dematitis/eczema
Most serious form of immunodeficiency
Severe combined immunodeficiency
- Which statement is true about autoimmunity?
a. it involves misshapen antibodies
b. it refers to “automantic immunity”
c. it often manifets as type II,III, and IV hypersensitivities
d. It has an acute course and then usually resolves itself
It often manifests as type II,III, and IV hypersensitivities
During immune complex disease, complex are deposited in ____ of epithelial tissues
Basement membranes
__ Is clicking,bubbling or rattling sounds in the lungs
Rales
Predominant consequences of ___ are recurrent, overwhelming infections with opportunistic microbes
Immunodeficiencies
Xenograft
Tissue exchanged between individuals of a different species
Substance that induce allergies in sensitive individuals
Allergens
If symptoms of allergy are not caused by the direct action of allergen on tissues, then what is it caused by?
Sypmtoms of allergy is caused by the physiological effects of mast-cells-derived allergic mediators on target organs.
- What percent of the human population is positive for the Rh antigen?
a. 50%
b. 65%
c. 85%
d. 99%
85%
To prevent an allergy
Avoid the allergen and practice desensitization
Systemic,sometimes fatal,reaction that involves airway obstruction and circulatory collapse
Anaphylaxis
Reduce pain by interfering with prostaglandis
Aspirin and acetaminophen
Example of immune complex-mediated (III)
Systemic lupus erythematosus
Autoimmune disease characterized by butterfly-shaped rash. All patients develop antibodies against organs, tissues, or intracellular materials
Systemic Lupus erythematosus
Reverses constriction of airways and slows the release of allergic mediators
Epinephrine (adrenaline)
Autoimmune disease that causes progressive debilitating damage, leads to scar tissue and joint destruction
Rheumatoid arthritirs
Characterized by sudden respiratory and circulatory disruption that can be fatal within minutes due to airway blockage
Systemic anaphylaxis
Type of hypersensitivity t-cell response
Type IV
Example of immediate hypersensitivity(I)
Anaphylaxis
____ involves:
- production of IgG and IgM antibodies
- activation of complements
Type III hypersensitivity
MEDICAL MOMENT. Which cells of the immune system do you think are responsible for processing the antigen presented in a patch test?
The dendricitc cells
Result of the sudden, massive release of chemicals into the tissues and blood, which act rapidly on target organs
Anaphylaxis/ anaphylactic shock
What type of method of testing is skin testing?
In vivo method
___ Respiratory disease characterized by episodes of impaired breathing due to severe bronchoconstriction
Asthma
Primary immunodeficiencies diseases are due to
often due to an inherited abnormality
Type I allergies can cause
Death
“Slow reacting substance of anaphylaxis” causes prolonged bronchospasm and mucus secretion
Leukotriene
Newborns breastfed exclusively for the first 4 months have a higher risk of asthma and eczema (t/f)
False, have a lower risk
Exaggerated immune response that is manifested by inflammation
Allergy
Secondary disease
Acquired after birth
NCLEX1. During a visit to his physician, patient is asked about his allergies. The patient reports a generalized, raised rash following a dose of an intravenous antibiotic. This is an example of:
a. Immediate hypersensitivity
b. Antibody-mediated hypersensitivity
c. Immune complex hypersensitivity
d. Cell-mediated hypersensitivity
e. Side effect
Immediate hypersensitiviy
Type of hypersensitivity “common” allergy and anaphylaxis
Type I
Type of hypersensitivity immune complex
Type III
Prevent symptoms of atopic allergy
Bind to histamine receptors on target organs
(benadryl)
Antihistamines
Isograft
Tissue from identical twins is used
___ hypersensitivity involves ___ and degranulation of mast cells, but not all reactions involve this mechanism
Food allergy, IgE
What disease targets the bone marrow, and can be responsible for malfunction of humoral and cellular immunity
Cancers such as leukemia, plasma cell tumors, thymus tumors
What does radioallergosorbent (RAST) test measure? example of ___
Levels of IgE to specific antigens, example of In Vitro
Autoimmune disease of endocrine glands. Over-production of thyroid hormone and the symptoms of hyperthyroidism
Grave’s disease
Primary disease
present at birth
Increased sensitivity to pain
Prostaglandis
Molecules that differ in the same species that are recognized by lymphocytes of the recipient
Alloantigens
What would be a type II hypersensitivity?
Transfusion reactions
NCLEX3. A patient receives a kidney transplantation from a nonrelated human donor. Which of the following would describe the tissue graft
a. autograph
b. allograft
c. isograft
d. xenograft
Allograft
NCLEX4. AIDS, an infection-induced immunodeficiency, affects
a. T helper cells
b. Antigen-presenting cells
c. Red blood cells
d. A nd B
e. B and C
T helper cells and Antigen-presenting cells
To prevent hemolytic disease of the new born, ____ is used.
RhoGAM antiserum
- Which disease would be most similar to AIDS in its pathology?
a. X-linked agammaglobulinemia
b. SCID
c. ADA deficiency
d. Myesthenia gravis
Myesthenia gravis
Which of the following is not an IgE- and/or mast-cell-mediated allergic condition?
a. Asthma
b. Food allergy
c. Systemic lupus erythematosus
d. Allergy to penicillin
c. Eczema
Systemic lupus erythematosus
___ and ____ are associated with certain types of passive immunization
Arthus reaction and serum sickness
What is more allergenic than carbohydrates,fats or nucleic acids?
Proteins
NCLEX2. Anaphylaxis is characterized by which of the following clinical manifestations?
a. circulatory disruption
b. swelling of lips, tongue, throat
c. loss of consciousness
d. skin wheal and erythema
e. itching
Circulatory disruption
Swelling of lips,tongue and throat
Skin wheal and erythema
___ is a generic term for allergic rhinitis
Hay fever
__ complement-assisted destruction (lysis) of foreign cells by antibodies (IgG and IgM)
Type II hypersensitivity
Involved in the mechanism of pain and very potent pain stimulator
Bradykinin
- Allergy and atopy might evolve in human populations that have had “sudden” decrease in:
a. vaccinations
b. exposure to vitamin D
c. exposure to helminth infections
d. intake of processed sugar
Exposoure to helminth infections
Examples of secondary immune deficiencies
Natural causes:
stress
pregnancy
aging
Immunosupressive agents:
Irradiation
Steroids
Autograft
Tissue transplanted from one site on an individual body to another site
Inhibit the activity of lymphocytes and reduce the production of IgE
Corticoseroids
Allograft
Exchanges between genetically different individuals belonging to the same species. (person to person)
Chronic local allergy such as hay fever or asthma
Atopy
__ hypersensitivity to themselves, autoantibodies, T cels, or both mount an abnormal attack
autoimmune diseases
- The hygiene hypothesis suggests that:
a. there are still too many microorganisms in the body
b. we may need more contact with antimicrobials during our maturation
c. there are not enough microbes on farms
d. we may need more contact with microbes during maturation
We may need more contact with microbes during maturation
Involves primarily the T-cell branch of the immune system
Type IV hypersensitivity;
Cell-mediated (delayed) reactions
__ This occurs when the mother is Rh- and the unborn child is Rh+
Placental sensitization
Most common food allergens come from
peanuts, fish, cow’s milk, eggs, selfish, and soybeans
If a woman had a placental sensitization for a pregnancy, the new pregnancy with a Rh+ fetus can result in ____
Hemolytic disease of the newborn
Which of the following is not a result Of an abnormal or undesirable immune function
a. Asthma
b. Anaphylaxis
c. Contact dermatitis
d. Fever
e. Lupus
Fever
Allergy and autoimmunity
Hypersensitivity
Involves the reaction of soluble antigen with antibody, and deposition of resulting complexes in various tissues of the body.
Type III hypersensitivity
What is the role of mast cells and basophils in type I allergy?
Bind IgE and degranulate, releasing inflammatory cytokines.
- Which substance is most likely to be allergenic?
a. protein
b. fat
c. carbohydrate
d. nucleic acid
Protein
Type of hypersensitivity IgG and IgM mediated cell damage
Type lI
Neuromuscular autoimmunity, autoantibodies bind to rceptors of acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter required for muscle stimulation
Neuromuscular autoimmunity
Immune system is incompletely developed, suppressed or destroyed
Hyposensitivity or immunodeficiency.
Neuromuscular autoimmunity, paralyzing neuromuscular disease associated with lesions on the myelin sheath
Multiple sclerosis
To treat an allergy:
Take drugs that block the action of lymphocytes, mast cells, or chemical mediators
When is RhoGAM needed?
a. Rh+ mother, Rh+ fetus
b. Rh + mother, Rh - fetus
c. Rh - mother, Rh - fetus
d. Rh - mother, Rh + fetus
Rh - mother, Rh + fetus
Produces free-floating complexes that are deposited into tissues
Immune complex reaction
Constricts smooth muscle and causes labored breathing and wheal-and-flare ____
Histamine
Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) does not prevent the action of prostaglandis (t/f)
False, it helps
Allergen portals of entry
Inhalants, ingestants, injectants, contactans
Example of t-cell mediated (IV)
Contact dermatitis, graft rejection
Delivery by cesarean section and maternal history of allergy DOES NOT elevate childhood risk of allergy (t/f)
False. It does elevate childhood risk of allergy
T cells to attack and lyse insulin-producing beta cells
Type 1 diabetes
What is the most recognized infection-induced immunodeficiency?
AIDS
Example of antibody-mediated (II)
Blood group incompatibility
- Molecular mimicry is when____ on host cells resemble ______ on pathogens, causing the host to mount an immune response to host tissues
a. antibodies
b. markers
c. antigens
d. two of the above
Markers
The study of disease associated with the overactivity or underactivity of the immune response
Immunopathology
Effects complement those of histamine and bradykin
Serotonin
Genetic basis for atopy
Increased IgE is produced
Name some drug allergies
Antibiotics: penicillin
Synthetic antimicrobials: sulfa drugs
Contrast dye used in X rays
