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Microbiology > Chapter 11 > Flashcards

Chapter 11 Flashcards

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1
Q

The Human Microbiome Project (HMP)

A

Characterizes microbes living ON or IN us

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2
Q

(T/F) Not all healthy people seem to harbor potentially dangerous pathogen in low numbers

A

False. All healthy people harbor potentially dangerous pathogen even in low numbers

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3
Q

Infection

A

microbes get past host defenses, enter tissues, and multiply

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4
Q

Disease

A

Deviation from health

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5
Q

Infectious disease

A

Pathologic state caused directly by microorganism of their products

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6
Q

(T/F) Even organs, tissues and their fluids have microbes

A

False, organs and tissues are microbe-free

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7
Q

Which factors would promote progression of an infection?

A

Proper portal of entry
No previous exposure to his infection
Host immunosupression

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8
Q

What happens to the microbes that remain in our body? Are they harmful?

A

They develop a complex relationship with the human host in which they can survive and not be harmful to the host

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9
Q

Microbial antagonism

A

Generally antagonistic effect “good” microbes have against intruder microorganisms. (Provide defense against disease-causing organism)

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10
Q

What is normal biota to a healthy host with functioning immune system?

A

Benefitial, or at worst commensal

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11
Q

(T/F) Humans can be separated from our resident microbes at anytime and will do okay.

A

False, humans do not do well if separated from our resident microbes, at anytime of out lives

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12
Q

What is a factor that can weaken host defense and increase susceptibility to infection

A

Physicial and mental stress

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13
Q

What is the difference between a true pathogen and opportunistic pathogen.

A

True pathogens cause disease in a healthy individual, whereas opportunistic pathogens typically cause disease in an immunocompromised host

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14
Q

It was recently discovered placenta harbors a small but significant number array of bacteria. What does this indicate?

A

This indicates that their intestines are colonized in the uterus

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15
Q

What is the most important source of microbiota for a newborn?

A

Its trip through the vagina

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16
Q

What enzymes provides the baby with the necessary enzymes to digest milk?

A

Lactobacillus

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17
Q

(T/F) Human milk contains around 600 species of bacteria and sugars the baby can digest

A

False, the baby can’t digest any of this but can be digested by healthy gut bacteria

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18
Q

Pathogenicity

A

Organism potential to cause disease

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19
Q

True pathogens

A

Capable of causing disease in healthy persons with normal immune defenses

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20
Q

Opportunistic pathogens

A

Cause disease when the host’s defenses are compromised or when the pathogen become established in a part of the body that is not natural to them

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21
Q

Virulence

A

Degree of pathogenicity

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22
Q

Virulence factor

A

Any characteristic or structure of the microbe that contributes to its ability to establish itself in the host and cause damage

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23
Q

Majority of infections are

A

Polymicrobial

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24
Q

Portals of entry

A

Route that a microbe takes to enter the tissue to cause infection

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25
Exogenous
Microbe originating from outside source
26
Endogenous
Microbe already existing in the body (normal biota or a previously silent infection)
27
Do pathogens enter through the same portal of entry?
No, they use specific portals of entry
28
Which agents can enter through the skin, urogenital tract, and the respiratory tract
Streptococcus and Staphulococcus
29
Infectious dose
Minimum number of microbes necessary to cause an infection to proceed
30
Adhesion
Process by which microbes gain a more stable foothold on host tissues
31
What happens when there is a breach at a portal of entry
The respiratory tract is lined with cilia, which sweeps back and forth to move particles so that they can be swallowed rather than remain in respiratory tract.
32
Examples of adhesion mechanism
Fimbriae, surface protein, etc.
33
Phagocytes
Cells that engulf and destroy host pathogens by means of enzymes and antimicrobial chemicals
34
Antiphagocytic factors
Virulence factors used by some pathogens to avoid phagocytes
35
Leukocidins
Kill pathogens outright
36
(T/F) Bacteria can't survive inside the phagocytes
False, some bacteria can survive inside the phagocytes
37
How can microorganism cause damage to their host?
By action of enzymes toxins host's defenses to respond excessively or inappropriately
38
Exoenzyme
Enzymes secreted by microbes that break down and inflict damage on tissues
39
Examples of exoenzymes
Mucinase, hyaluronidase, coagulase
40
Mucinase
Digest the protective coating on mucous membranes
41
Hyaluronidase
Digest the ground substance that cements animal cells together
42
Coagulase
Causes clotting of blood or plasma
43
Toxin
Specific chemical product of microbes that is poisonous to other organisms.
44
Hemolysins
Class of bacterial exotoxin that disrupts the cell membrane of red blood cells
45
What does hemolysins cause?
It causes RBC to hemolyze
46
Endotoxin is also known as? What is it?
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Is part of the outer membrane of gram-negative cell walls.
47
What does endotoxin causes?
Fever, inflammation, hemorrhage, diarrhea and DIC
48
Acute infections
Infection comes on rapidly, with severe but short-lived effects
49
Chronic infection
Infection that progresses and persist over a long period of time
50
Sign
objective evidence of disease as noted BY AN OBSERVER
51
Symptom
subjective evidence of disease as sensed BY THE PATIENT
52
Syndrome
A disease identified by COMPLEX SIGNS OF SYMPTOMS
53
Which of the following is not thought to weaken host defenses? a. extremes in age b. underlying disease states c. surgery d. moderate exercise
Moderate exercise
54
How does the earliest symptoms of disease result from?
By activation of the body defense of INFLAMATION
55
Signs of inflammation
Edema, granulomas (immune cells), lymphadenitis
56
Leukocytosis, leukopenia, septicemia, and bacterimia are signs of
Inflammation
57
Infections that go unnoticed are also called
Asymptomatics, subclinical, or inapparent
58
Portal of exit
Shed through secretion, excretion, discharge, or sloughed tissue
59
(T/F) Pathogens use a different portal to enter and exit
False, portal of exit are the same as portal of entry, but some pathogens use a different route
60
Latency
Dormant state of microbes in certain chronic infectious disease
61
Sequelae
Long-term or permanent damage to tissues or organs caused by infectious disease
62
Incubation period
Agent is multiplying but has not caused damage to elicit symptoms
63
Prodomal stage
Vague feeling of discomfort
64
Acute phase
Infectious agent multiplies at high levels
65
Covalescent period
Many patient stop taking antibiotics during this period, even though pathogens are still in their system leading to antibiotic resistance
66
Continuation phase
Only some infections have this phase. Either the organism lingers for months, years, or indefinitely after patient is well or organism is gone but symptoms continue
67
Reservoir
Primary habitat where pathogen originates
68
Transmitter
Individual or object from which and infection is acquired
69
Carrier
Individual who inconspicuously (not knowing) shelters a pathogen
70
The majority of animal reservoir agents are
Arthropods
71
Biological vector
Actively participates in a pathogen's life cycle
72
Mechanical vector
Carries the microbe more or less accidentally on its body parts
73
Zoonosis
An infection indigenous to animals but naturally transmissible to humans
74
How is zonotic spread promoted?
By close association between humans and animals
75
How are microbes that thrive in the soil and water called? Can they cause harm?
They are called saprobic and cause little harm and considerable benefit to humans
76
Communicable disease
Host can transmit infectious agent to another host
77
Contagious disease
Disease is highly communicable
78
Noncommunicable disease
Compromised person is invated by their own microbiota
79
Horizontal transfer
Disease is spread through a population from one infected individual to another (strangers)
80
Vertical transfers
Disease is transmitted from parent to offspring (through placenta, milk)
81
Formite
Inanimate object
82
Healthcare-associated infections are also called
Nosocomial infections
83
Nosocomial infections are
Infectious diseases acquired or developed during a hospital stay or health care facility stay
84
What can promote nosocomial infections?
Devices such as catheres, prosthetic heart valves, grafts, drainage tubes, and tracheostomy tubes from ready portals of entry
85
Most common HAIs
Urinary tract infections
86
Infection control officer
Implements proper practices and procedures, tracks potential outbreaks, identifies breaches in asepsis, and trains health care workers in aseptic techniques
87
Etiologic/causative agent
The cause of infection and disease
88
Prevalence
Total number of existing cases in a given poulation
89
Incidence
The number of new cases over a certain time in period
90
Point-source epidemic
Infectious agent came from a single source, and all of its "victims" were exposed to it from that source (pot luck dinner)
91
Common-source epidemic
Result form common exposure to a single source of infection over a period of time (restaurant)
92
Propagated epidemic
Result from infectious agent that is communicable from person to person (flu, COVID)
93
Index case
First patient found in an epidemiological investigation
94
Endemic
Infectious disease that exhibits a relatively steady frequency over a long time period in a particular geographic locale (lyme)
95
Which of the following would promote progression of an infection? a. low microbial virulence b. proper portal of entry c. genetic profile of host resistance to microbe d. no previous exposure to this infection
b,c,d
96
which of the following factors is not thought to weaken host defenses? a. extremes In age b. underlying diseases states c. surgery d. moderate exercise
Moderate excercise, everything else weakens host defenses.
97
A patient is found to have a dental abscess. Antibiotic therapy is initiated to prevent spread of the infection to other tissues. If it does spread, what type of infection is it? a. focal infection b. primary infection c. secondary infection d. mixed infection
Focal infection
98
A client has 3 days of antibiotic treatment remaining. The client would be in which stage of infection? a. acute phase b. covalescent period c. incubation period d. prodomal stage
Covalescent period

Microbiology (16 decks)

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