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Microbiology > Chapter 11 > Flashcards

Chapter 11 Flashcards

1
Q

The Human Microbiome Project (HMP)

A

Characterizes microbes living ON or IN us

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2
Q

(T/F) Not all healthy people seem to harbor potentially dangerous pathogen in low numbers

A

False. All healthy people harbor potentially dangerous pathogen even in low numbers

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3
Q

Infection

A

microbes get past host defenses, enter tissues, and multiply

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4
Q

Disease

A

Deviation from health

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5
Q

Infectious disease

A

Pathologic state caused directly by microorganism of their products

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6
Q

(T/F) Even organs, tissues and their fluids have microbes

A

False, organs and tissues are microbe-free

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7
Q

Which factors would promote progression of an infection?

A

Proper portal of entry
No previous exposure to his infection
Host immunosupression

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8
Q

What happens to the microbes that remain in our body? Are they harmful?

A

They develop a complex relationship with the human host in which they can survive and not be harmful to the host

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9
Q

Microbial antagonism

A

Generally antagonistic effect “good” microbes have against intruder microorganisms. (Provide defense against disease-causing organism)

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10
Q

What is normal biota to a healthy host with functioning immune system?

A

Benefitial, or at worst commensal

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11
Q

(T/F) Humans can be separated from our resident microbes at anytime and will do okay.

A

False, humans do not do well if separated from our resident microbes, at anytime of out lives

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12
Q

What is a factor that can weaken host defense and increase susceptibility to infection

A

Physicial and mental stress

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13
Q

What is the difference between a true pathogen and opportunistic pathogen.

A

True pathogens cause disease in a healthy individual, whereas opportunistic pathogens typically cause disease in an immunocompromised host

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14
Q

It was recently discovered placenta harbors a small but significant number array of bacteria. What does this indicate?

A

This indicates that their intestines are colonized in the uterus

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15
Q

What is the most important source of microbiota for a newborn?

A

Its trip through the vagina

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16
Q

What enzymes provides the baby with the necessary enzymes to digest milk?

A

Lactobacillus

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17
Q

(T/F) Human milk contains around 600 species of bacteria and sugars the baby can digest

A

False, the baby can’t digest any of this but can be digested by healthy gut bacteria

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18
Q

Pathogenicity

A

Organism potential to cause disease

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19
Q

True pathogens

A

Capable of causing disease in healthy persons with normal immune defenses

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20
Q

Opportunistic pathogens

A

Cause disease when the host’s defenses are compromised or when the pathogen become established in a part of the body that is not natural to them

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21
Q

Virulence

A

Degree of pathogenicity

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22
Q

Virulence factor

A

Any characteristic or structure of the microbe that contributes to its ability to establish itself in the host and cause damage

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23
Q

Majority of infections are

A

Polymicrobial

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24
Q

Portals of entry

A

Route that a microbe takes to enter the tissue to cause infection

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25
Q

Exogenous

A

Microbe originating from outside source

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26
Q

Endogenous

A

Microbe already existing in the body (normal biota or a previously silent infection)

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27
Q

Do pathogens enter through the same portal of entry?

A

No, they use specific portals of entry

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28
Q

Which agents can enter through the skin, urogenital tract, and the respiratory tract

A

Streptococcus and Staphulococcus

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29
Q

Infectious dose

A

Minimum number of microbes necessary to cause an infection to proceed

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30
Q

Adhesion

A

Process by which microbes gain a more stable foothold on host tissues

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31
Q

What happens when there is a breach at a portal of entry

A

The respiratory tract is lined with cilia, which sweeps back and forth to move particles so that they can be swallowed rather than remain in respiratory tract.

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32
Q

Examples of adhesion mechanism

A

Fimbriae, surface protein, etc.

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33
Q

Phagocytes

A

Cells that engulf and destroy host pathogens by means of enzymes and antimicrobial chemicals

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34
Q

Antiphagocytic factors

A

Virulence factors used by some pathogens to avoid phagocytes

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35
Q

Leukocidins

A

Kill pathogens outright

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36
Q

(T/F) Bacteria can’t survive inside the phagocytes

A

False, some bacteria can survive inside the phagocytes

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37
Q

How can microorganism cause damage to their host?

A

By action of
enzymes
toxins
host’s defenses to respond excessively or inappropriately

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38
Q

Exoenzyme

A

Enzymes secreted by microbes that break down and inflict damage on tissues

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39
Q

Examples of exoenzymes

A

Mucinase, hyaluronidase, coagulase

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40
Q

Mucinase

A

Digest the protective coating on mucous membranes

41
Q

Hyaluronidase

A

Digest the ground substance that cements animal cells together

42
Q

Coagulase

A

Causes clotting of blood or plasma

43
Q

Toxin

A

Specific chemical product of microbes that is poisonous to other organisms.

44
Q

Hemolysins

A

Class of bacterial exotoxin that disrupts the cell membrane of red blood cells

45
Q

What does hemolysins cause?

A

It causes RBC to hemolyze

46
Q

Endotoxin is also known as? What is it?

A

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Is part of the outer membrane of gram-negative cell walls.

47
Q

What does endotoxin causes?

A

Fever, inflammation, hemorrhage, diarrhea and DIC

48
Q

Acute infections

A

Infection comes on rapidly, with severe but short-lived effects

49
Q

Chronic infection

A

Infection that progresses and persist over a long period of time

50
Q

Sign

A

objective evidence of disease as noted BY AN OBSERVER

51
Q

Symptom

A

subjective evidence of disease as sensed BY THE PATIENT

52
Q

Syndrome

A

A disease identified by COMPLEX SIGNS OF SYMPTOMS

53
Q

Which of the following is not thought to weaken host defenses?

a. extremes in age
b. underlying disease states
c. surgery
d. moderate exercise

A

Moderate exercise

54
Q

How does the earliest symptoms of disease result from?

A

By activation of the body defense of INFLAMATION

55
Q

Signs of inflammation

A

Edema, granulomas (immune cells), lymphadenitis

56
Q

Leukocytosis, leukopenia, septicemia, and bacterimia are signs of

A

Inflammation

57
Q

Infections that go unnoticed are also called

A

Asymptomatics, subclinical, or inapparent

58
Q

Portal of exit

A

Shed through secretion, excretion, discharge, or sloughed tissue

59
Q

(T/F) Pathogens use a different portal to enter and exit

A

False, portal of exit are the same as portal of entry, but some pathogens use a different route

60
Q

Latency

A

Dormant state of microbes in certain chronic infectious disease

61
Q

Sequelae

A

Long-term or permanent damage to tissues or organs caused by infectious disease

62
Q

Incubation period

A

Agent is multiplying but has not caused damage to elicit symptoms

63
Q

Prodomal stage

A

Vague feeling of discomfort

64
Q

Acute phase

A

Infectious agent multiplies at high levels

65
Q

Covalescent period

A

Many patient stop taking antibiotics during this period, even though pathogens are still in their system leading to antibiotic resistance

66
Q

Continuation phase

A

Only some infections have this phase. Either the organism lingers for months, years, or indefinitely after patient is well or organism is gone but symptoms continue

67
Q

Reservoir

A

Primary habitat where pathogen originates

68
Q

Transmitter

A

Individual or object from which and infection is acquired

69
Q

Carrier

A

Individual who inconspicuously (not knowing) shelters a pathogen

70
Q

The majority of animal reservoir agents are

A

Arthropods

71
Q

Biological vector

A

Actively participates in a pathogen’s life cycle

72
Q

Mechanical vector

A

Carries the microbe more or less accidentally on its body parts

73
Q

Zoonosis

A

An infection indigenous to animals but naturally transmissible to humans

74
Q

How is zonotic spread promoted?

A

By close association between humans and animals

75
Q

How are microbes that thrive in the soil and water called? Can they cause harm?

A

They are called saprobic and cause little harm and considerable benefit to humans

76
Q

Communicable disease

A

Host can transmit infectious agent to another host

77
Q

Contagious disease

A

Disease is highly communicable

78
Q

Noncommunicable disease

A

Compromised person is invated by their own microbiota

79
Q

Horizontal transfer

A

Disease is spread through a population from one infected individual to another (strangers)

80
Q

Vertical transfers

A

Disease is transmitted from parent to offspring (through placenta, milk)

81
Q

Formite

A

Inanimate object

82
Q

Healthcare-associated infections are also called

A

Nosocomial infections

83
Q

Nosocomial infections are

A

Infectious diseases acquired or developed during a hospital stay or health care facility stay

84
Q

What can promote nosocomial infections?

A

Devices such as catheres, prosthetic heart valves, grafts, drainage tubes, and tracheostomy tubes from ready portals of entry

85
Q

Most common HAIs

A

Urinary tract infections

86
Q

Infection control officer

A

Implements proper practices and procedures, tracks potential outbreaks, identifies breaches in asepsis, and trains health care workers in aseptic techniques

87
Q

Etiologic/causative agent

A

The cause of infection and disease

88
Q

Prevalence

A

Total number of existing cases in a given poulation

89
Q

Incidence

A

The number of new cases over a certain time in period

90
Q

Point-source epidemic

A

Infectious agent came from a single source, and all of its “victims” were exposed to it from that source (pot luck dinner)

91
Q

Common-source epidemic

A

Result form common exposure to a single source of infection over a period of time (restaurant)

92
Q

Propagated epidemic

A

Result from infectious agent that is communicable from person to person (flu, COVID)

93
Q

Index case

A

First patient found in an epidemiological investigation

94
Q

Endemic

A

Infectious disease that exhibits a relatively steady frequency over a long time period in a particular geographic locale (lyme)

95
Q

Which of the following would promote progression of an infection?

a. low microbial virulence
b. proper portal of entry
c. genetic profile of host resistance to microbe
d. no previous exposure to this infection

A

b,c,d

96
Q

which of the following factors is not thought to weaken host defenses?

a. extremes In age
b. underlying diseases states
c. surgery
d. moderate exercise

A

Moderate excercise, everything else weakens host defenses.

97
Q

A patient is found to have a dental abscess. Antibiotic therapy is initiated to prevent spread of the infection to other tissues. If it does spread, what type of infection is it?

a. focal infection
b. primary infection
c. secondary infection
d. mixed infection

A

Focal infection

98
Q

A client has 3 days of antibiotic treatment remaining. The client would be in which stage of infection?

a. acute phase
b. covalescent period
c. incubation period
d. prodomal stage

A

Covalescent period

Microbiology (16 decks)

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