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Microbiology > Chapter 12 > Flashcards

Chapter 12 Flashcards

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1
Q

What would be considered the first line of defense?

A

Any barrier that blocks invasion at the portal of entry. Ex: skin, lining of intestines etc.

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2
Q

What would be considered second line of defense?

A

Internal system of protective cells and fluids. This includes inflammation and phagocytosis

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3
Q

What would be considered third line of defense?

A

Acquired on an individual basis as each foreign substance is encountered by lymphocytes.

Provices long-term immunity (memory)

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4
Q

How do defenses work?

A

Most defenses overlap and are redundant in some of their effects.

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5
Q

White blood cells work in two ways:

A

Recognize body cells (SELF)

Differentiate them from any foreign material in the body (NONSELF)

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6
Q

How autoimmune disease arises?

A

Autoimmune diseases are a result of the immune system mistakenly attaching the body’s own tissues and organs

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7
Q

What are antigens or makers

A

Evaluate cells by examining molecules on cell surfaces

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8
Q

Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)

A

Markers that many different kinds MICROBES have in common

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9
Q

Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs)

A

Used by HOST CELLS with important roles in the innate immunity of the second line of defense

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10
Q

Mononuclear phagocyte system (MPS)

A

Allows cells and chemicals that originate in the MPS and extracelullar fluid (ECF) to diffuse into the blood and lymphatics.

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11
Q

(T/F) The inflammatory response is the body’s first line of defense

A

False. It’s the protective layers such as skin

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12
Q

All of the following are lymph system functions

A
  • Return of extracellular fluid to the circulatory system
  • Act as “drain off”
  • Render surveillance, recognition, and protection against foreign materials through a system of lymphocytes, phagocytes, and antibodies
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13
Q

____ Is formed when certain blood components move out of blood vessels into extracellular space and diffuse or migrate into the lymphatic capillaries

A

Lymphatic fluid

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14
Q

___Flows from the extremities to the heart (just movement, no pump)

A

Lymphatic vessles

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15
Q

Select all of the primary lymphatic organs

a. red bone marrow
b. thymus
c. lymph nodes
d. spleen

A

Red bone marrow and thymus

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16
Q

An infection that occurs during a hospital or health care facility stay is known as

a. healthcare-associated infection
b. radicalization
c. heighetened infection
d. overnight infection

A

Healthcare-associated infection or nosocomial infections

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17
Q

The makeup of one/s intestinal biota can influence overall health. t/f

A

True

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18
Q

The vague feeling of discomfort 1-2 days prior to showing actual specific signs of infection is known as

a. incubation period
b. prodromal stage
c. acute phase
d. convalescent

A

Prodromal stage

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19
Q

Human milk has many species of bacteria and sugars that the baby cannot digest (T/F)

A

True

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20
Q

The term ‘good’ resident biota occupying the attachment sites in or on the body thereby limiting the number of ‘intruder’ biota is known as

a. busy signaling
b. pathogeninterruptis
c. microbial antagonism
d. virulence

A

Microbial antagonism

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21
Q

The number of persons afflicted with an infectious disease is the mortality rate. (t/f)

A

False. This is called the morbidity rate

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22
Q

Select all of the secondary lymphatic organs

a. red bone marrow
b. thymus
c. lymph nodes
d. spleen
e. various lymphoid tissues

A

Lymph nodes, spleen, various lymphoid tissues

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23
Q

____ sites of immune cell birth and maturation

A

Primary lymphatic organs

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24
Q

___ sites of immune cell activation, residence, and functioning

A

Secondary lymphatic organs

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25
Q

What happens after B lymphocytes begin to express markers that identify them as B cells?

A

They complete their maturation in the bone marrow and then migrate to secondary lymphatic organs

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26
Q

Where do B lymphocytes complete their maturation? and where does it migrate to?

A

Bone marrow and migrate to secondary lymphatic organs

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27
Q

Where do T-cell complete maturation? and where does it migrate to?

A

Thymus and then migrates to secondary organs

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28
Q

A respiratory infection may lead to mild enlargement of the lymph nodes of the neck. What kind of condition would suspect if lymph nodes throughout the body were enlarged?

A

This could indicate a systemic condition, infectious or non infectious. Such as sepsis, blood cancer, or autoimmune disease

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29
Q

Where is the spleen located?

A

Upper-left portion of the abdominal cavity

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30
Q

Children who have had their spleen removed can live their life relatively normal (t/f)

A

False, children who have had their spleen removed are severely immunocompromised

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31
Q

How is the SKIN ASSOCIATED LYMPHOID TISSUE called?

A

SALT

32
Q

How is the MUCOSA-ASSOCIATED LYMPHOID TISSUE called?

A

MALT

33
Q

___ active source of lymphocytes in the pharynx

A

Tonsils

34
Q

Gut-associated lymphoid tissue is constituted of

A

Appendix, lacteals and Payer’s patches

35
Q

What are the peyer’s patches and where are they located?

A

Compact aggregations of lymphocytes in the ILEUM OF SMALL INTESTINE

36
Q

What does whole blood consist of?

A

Blood cells and plasma

37
Q

What is hematopoiesis?

A

Production of blood cells

38
Q

___ primary precursor of new blood cells maintained in the bone marrow

A

Stem cells

39
Q

What happens to stem cells during development?

A

They differentiate into the specialized form and function of mature cells

40
Q

____ these cells are vitally important to nonspecific and specific immunity

A

White blood cells

41
Q

____ Hundreds of small active molecules secreted to regulate, stimulate, suppress, and otherwise control many aspects of cell development, inflammation, and immunity

A

Cytokines

42
Q

Reticulum

A

Support network of connective tissue fibers that permeate the tissues of body

43
Q

Phagocytic cells enmeshes in reticulum network are also collectively called

A

Mononuclear phagocyte system (MPS)

44
Q

Lymphatic fluid contains all of the following expect:

a. white blood cells
b. extracellular fluid
c. red blood cells
d. cellular debris
e. infectious agents

A

Red blood cells

45
Q

First line of defense is

A

Inborn, non specific1

46
Q

The presence of intestinal microbiota is considered

a. a first line of defense
b. a second line of defense
c. a third line of defense
d. none of the above

A

First line of defense

47
Q

___ Forms a type of structural barrier

A

Human microbe /Microbial antagonism

48
Q

Nonspecific Chemical Defense

A

Lysozyme

49
Q

For each of the barriers bellow state whether is chemical of physical barrier.

  1. Hydrochloric acid of the stomach
  2. Sloughing of the skin
  3. Lysosome in saliva and tears
  4. Ciliary escalator
A
  1. Chemical
  2. Physical
  3. Chemical
  4. Physical
50
Q

Second line of defense is

A

Generalized and nonspecific

51
Q

Which immune responses does the second line of defense support and interact with?

A

Phagocytosis
Inflammation
Fever
Antimicrobial proteins

52
Q

Phagocytosis general activities:

A

SURVEY THE TISSUE COMPARTMENTS discover microbes, particulate matter, and injured or dead cells

53
Q

Types of phagocytosis

A

Neutrophlis, monocytes, macrophages

54
Q

___ Primary component of pus and react early in the inflammatory response to bacteria

A

Neutrophlis

55
Q

How are monocytes transformed into macrophages?

A

After they migrate out of the bloodstream and into the tissues

56
Q

(t/f) other macrophages reside permanently in a particular tissue

A

False, other macrophages drift nomadically throughout the MPS

57
Q

___ “eating cell”

A

Phagocyte

58
Q

Events of phagocytosis

A 
Chemotaxis
Ingestion
Phagolysosome 
Destruction 
Excretion
59
Q

Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) signal molecules

A
  • Serve as “red flags” for phagocytes and other innate immunity
  • Bacterial PAMPs: peptidoglycan and lipopolysaccharide
  • Viral PAMPs: double strand RNA
60
Q

___ are found in phagocytes, dendritic cells, endothelial cells and lymphocytes

A

Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs)

61
Q

Which of the following is not a sign of inflammation

a. rubor
b. calor
c. tumor
d. dolor
e. fever

A

Fever, this is a sign of infection

62
Q

Inflammatory response can be___

A

Local or systemic

63
Q

Some researchers believe that ___ is a consequence of increasing inflammation in multiple body systems

A

Aging

64
Q

Chief functions of inflammations

A

To mobilize and attract immune components to the site of injury

65
Q

Diapedesis

A

Leave the blood system into tissues

66
Q

Chemotaxis

A

Migration of cells in response to a specific chemical stimulus

67
Q

Benefits of edema and Leaky vessels

A

Pus, pyogenic (pus-forming)

68
Q

Fever is considered the

A

Universal symptom of infection

69
Q

Low-grade fever

A

37.7 to 38.3 Celcius or 100 to 101 F

70
Q

High grade fever

A

40.0 to 41.4 C or 104 to 106 F

71
Q

Exogeneous fever

A

Outside fever

72
Q

Endogenous fever

A

Inside fever

73
Q

Antimicrobial products

A

Complement and interferons

74
Q

___ characteristics are

  • degrade viral RNA
  • Prevent translation of viral proteins
A

Interferons

75
Q

What is the important outcome of complement cascade?

A

MEMBRANE ATTACK COMPLEX (MAC)

76
Q

Membrane attack complex leads to

A

Leads to inappropriate flow of water and ions in and out of the cell, and EVENTUAL OF THE LYSIS OF CELL

77
Q

___ are able to insert themselves into bacterial membranes and create a pore in the membrane

A

Antimicrobial peptides

Microbiology (16 decks)

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