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Microbiology > Chapter 17 > Flashcards

Chapter 17 Flashcards

1
Q

Three important functions of Nervous System

A

Sensory, integrative and motor

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2
Q

The brain and spinal cord are dense structures made up of cells called___

A

Neurons

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3
Q

THE SOFT TISSUES of the brain and spinal cord are encased ____

A

WITHIN THREE MENINGES

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4
Q

Microorganisms can be found within the CSF when ____ occurs

A

meningitis

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5
Q

What is CSF function?

A

Provides a BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER and PROHIBITS MOST ORGANISMS from entering the nervous system.

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6
Q

CNS is ____

A

“Immunological priviledged”

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7
Q

Which of the following defenses of the nervous system prevents certain molecules from passing into brain and spinal cord tissue?

a. Bony casing of the skull
b. Microglia
c. Cerebrospinal fluid
d. Blood-brain barrier
e. Brain macrophages

A

Blood-brain barrier

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8
Q

Its believed that there is normal biota in the CNS and PNS. (t/f)

A

False, there is no normal biota in either CNS or PNS.

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9
Q

If there were any findings of microorganisms of any type in CNS OR PNS what would this indicate?

A

Deviation from the healthy state

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10
Q

Dormant herpes viruses living in the nervous system are considered normal biota

A

False, herpesviruses are not considered normal microbiota in the nervous system.

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11
Q

Research suggests that ____ influences the nervous system in many ways.

A

Gut microbiome

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12
Q

Inflammation of the meninges

A

Meningitis

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13
Q

More serious form of acute meningitis are caused by

A

Bacteria

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14
Q

To diagnose meningitis:

A

LUMBAR PUNCTURE

TREATMENT WITH BROAD SPECTRUM ANTIBIOTICS IMMEDIATELY

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15
Q

Signs of meningitis

A

Severe headache
Fever
Photophobia

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16
Q

Commonly known as MENINGOCOCCUS___ causes MOST SERIOUS FORM OF ACUTE MENINGITIS

A

Neisseria meningitidis.

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17
Q

Pathogen releases ENDOTOXIN into the generalized circulation.
Damage of the blood vessels caused by cytokines leads to PETECHIAE on the trunk and appendages

A

Neisseria meningitidis

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18
Q

___ signs

  • WIDESPREAD AREAS OF BLEEDING UNDER THE SKIN
  • GENERALIZED INTRAVASCULAR CLOTTING
  • DEATH WITHIN A FEW HOURS
A

Neisseria meningitidis

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19
Q

___ disease is usually acquired through close contact with secretions or droplets

A

Neisseria Meningitidis

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20
Q

Carriers of ___ are more susceptible of transmitting the disease, example : day cares, college dorms, military barracks

A

Neisseria Meningitidis

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21
Q

Treatment of ____ is begun when is suspected until is ruled out. Samples of ___ are taken

A

Neisseria meningitidis.

Cerebrospinal fluid, blood, or nasopharyngeal.

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22
Q

Suspicion of ____ is a medical emergency

A

Bacterial meningitis

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23
Q

Individuals in close contact with infected patients of NM should receive ____

A

Preventive therapy treatment with RIFAMPIN or TETRACYCLINE

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24
Q

____ also referred to as PNEUMOCOCCUS; causes the majority of bacterial pneumonias

A

Meningitis: streptococcus pneumoniae

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25
Q

Vaccines available for streptococcus pneumoniae

A

Prevnar and Pneumovax

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26
Q

No bacteria or fungi are found in the CSF. Cause ___

A

Aseptic meningitis (viral meningitis). Viruses cause 4 to 5 cases of meningitis.

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27
Q

____ are generally MILDER THAN BACTERIAL OR FUNGAL MENINGITIS

A

Viral meningitis

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28
Q

How is viral meningitis diagnosed?

A

With the failure to find bacteria, fungi, or protozoa in the CSF.

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29
Q

When a baby is born with abnormally small heads

A

Microcephaly; Zika Virus Disease

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30
Q

In adults; zika virus disease triggers___

A

Guillain-Barre syndrome in some adults

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31
Q

This disease is transmitted by____

A

The bite of AEDES MOSQUITO. Via sexual intercourse with affected individuals, and vertically in utero

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32
Q

Theres a vaccine to prevent Zika Virus (t/f)

A

False, there is no vaccine available for Zika Virus

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33
Q

Acute entroviral infection of the spinal cord that can cause neuromuscular paralysis; also knwon as INFANTILE PARALYSIS.

A

Poliomyelitis

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34
Q

Poliomyelitis is a ____ virus. Meaning____

A

Neurotopic; it attacks the nervous system

35
Q

Other outcomes of poliomyelitis is ___

A

Paralytic Disease and Bublar poliomylitis

36
Q

Brain stem, medulla, or cranial nerves are affected

A

Bulbar poliomyelitis

37
Q

After ingestion, _____ adsorb to receptor of mucosal cells in the otopharynx and intestine!!!

A

polioviruses!!

38
Q

This disease is spread through food, water, hands, obejcts contaminated with feces, and mechanical vectors (oral fecal route)

A

Poliomyelitis

39
Q

Treatment of ___ is focused in alliviating pain by pain-relieving drugs.

A

Poliomyelitis

40
Q

Prompt physical therapy to diminish crippling deformities and retrain muscles is recommended after the acute phase subsides for meningocephalis (t/f)

A

False, this is recommended for poliomyeltis

41
Q

Vaccination for poliomyelitis is NO LONGER USED IN USA (t/f)

A

True

42
Q

Disease caused by two AMOEBAS

A

Meningocephalitis

43
Q

Naegleria fowleri is a causative agent for ___. Where is it found?

A

Meningoencephalis. Found in people who have been swimming in warm, natural bodies of fresh water

44
Q

Infection of meningoencephalis fowleri can begin by:

A

AMOEBA being forced into human nasal passages, which causes “brain eating amoeba”. Leads to DEATH WITHIN A WEEK

45
Q

Naegleria meningoencephalitis advances so slow that treatment is successful most times. (t/f)

A

False, Naegleria meningoencephalitis advances really FAST so treatment is usually futile!!

46
Q

This type of meningoencephalis invades through broken skin, THE CONJUCTIVA.
-People wearing contact lens are at risk

A

Acanthamoeba

47
Q

Inflammation of the brain. Almost always caused by viruses borne by insects (arboviruses) like West Nile Virus.

A

Acute encephalitis

48
Q

Treatment for acute encephalitis is:

A

Empiric treatment

49
Q

Caused by:
TOXOPLASMA GONDII
Persistent Measles; 7 to 15 years after initial infection
Prions

A

Subacute encephalitis

50
Q

People with a history of ______ are more likely to display thrill-seeking behaviour and slower reaction times!!!

A

Toxoplasma gondii

51
Q

Symptoms of ____ are asymptomatic or marked by mild symptoms such as sore throat, lymph node enlargement, and low-grade fever

A

Toxoplasma gondii

52
Q

Humans are constantly exposed to ____. One source of infection is CAT FECES

A

Toxoplasma Gondii

53
Q

___ is also reffered to as “slow virus infection”

A

Subacute Sclerosis Panencephalitis (SSPE)

54
Q

____ cause transmissible spongiform encephalophaties !!!

A

Prions!!

55
Q

The human transmissible spongi form encephalopathies is (TSEs)!!!

A

Creutzfeld-Jakob disease (CJD)!!!

56
Q

-Altered behaviour, dementia, memory loss, impaired senses, delirium, premature senility
-Uncontrollable muscle contractions continue until death, usually within a year of diagnosis
ARE ALL SYMPTOMS OF ____

A

Prions: CJD

57
Q

Prions are considered ___

A

Transmissible agents

58
Q

Why are prions considered hardy “pathogens’?

A

They are resistant to chemicals, radiation, heat, and prolonged autoclaving

59
Q

Transmission of CJD is usually via____

A

Contaminated surgical intruments. NORMAL DISIFENCTION AND STERILIZATION PROCEDURES ARE NOT SUFFICIENT TO ELIMINATE THE AGENT FROM INTRUMENTS AND SURFACES.

60
Q

___ is a slow progressive zoonotic disease

A

Rabies

61
Q

For years, humans have not been able to survive rabies. (t/f)

A

False, humans have been able to survive rabies in recent years

62
Q

How does infection of rabies get transmitted?

A

When an infected animal’s saliva enters a punctured site

63
Q

Main reservoirs of rabies are:

A

Canines, skunks, badgers, cats and bats. Most common cases are bats to humans

64
Q

Neuromuscular disease also known as ‘lockjaw” caused by CLOSTRIDIUM TETANI

A

Tetanus

65
Q

Tetanus causes ___ paralysis

A

Spastic

66
Q

____ is a toxin that acts by blocking the inhibition of muscle contraction, causing muscles to contract uncontrollably!! causing “CLENCHING OF THE JAW”

A

Tetanospasmin

67
Q

The “sardonic grin” conferred by lockjaw looks eerily as though the person is smiling

A

Risus sardonicus

68
Q

Presence of endospores in a wound is enough to initiate infection of tetanus!!! (t/f)

A

False, mere presence of endospore in a would is NOT enough to initiate infection

69
Q

Intoxication caused by an exotoxin, associated with eating poorly preserved foods.

A

Botulism

70
Q

Boutlism causes a ____ paralysis

A

Flaccid

71
Q

___ toxin prevents the release of acetylcholine, the neurotransmitter that initiates the signal for muscle contraction

A

Botulinum

72
Q

Usual time before onset of symptoms of FLACCID PARALYSIS is 12 to 72 hours, depending on the size of the dose. (t/f)

A

True

73
Q

Causative agent of botulism is ___ and it does damage through the release of toxins

A

Clostridium botulinum

74
Q

NCLEX1. The term immunologically priviledged means that

a. the CNS can only amount a partial immune response when faced with an immunologic challenge
b. the CNS is impervious to microorganism
c. the CNS is protected against all microorganism by a barrier
d. the immune response of the CNS is superior to that of other body sites

A

The CNS can only amount a partial immune response when faced with an immunologic challenge

75
Q

NCLEX2. An infectious disease team is analyzing the epidmiology of vector-borne diseases, including those transmitted by arthropods. All of the following are arboviral diseases, expect:

a. polio
b. West nile encephalitis
c. yellow fever
d. st.louis encephalitis

A

Polio

76
Q

NCLEX3. For which disease processes are immunizations available as a method of prevention:

a. cryptococcus neoformans
b. listeria monocytogenes
c. haemophilus influenzae
d. steptococcus pneumoniae
e. neisseria meningitidis

A

C D and E

77
Q
  1. Which pathogen has evolved to make its rodent host less avoidant of cats
    a. cryptococcus neoformans
    b. neisseria meningitis
    c. rabies virus
    d. toxoplasma gondii
A

Toxoplasma gondii

78
Q
  1. What celullar structure do several organisms that cause meningitis share?
    a. capsule
    b. pilus
    c. fimbria
    d. endospore
A

Capsule

79
Q
  1. Which of the following organisms is anaerobic
    a. poliovirus
    b. cryptococcus
    c. clostridium
    d. coccidioides
A

Clostridium

80
Q
  1. Which disease is caused by an infectious agent that carries no nucleic acid?
    a. CJD
    b. rabies
    c. polio
    d. meningitis
A

CJD

81
Q
  1. The normal gut microbiota in adults, but not in infants, inhibitd the growth of?
    a. neisseria meningitidis
    b. clostridium botulinum
    c. clostridium tetani
    d. naegleria fowleri
A

Clostridium botulinum

82
Q
  1. Subacute encephalitis can be caused by:
    a. toxoplasma gondii
    b. streptococcus agalactiae
    c. naegleria fowleri
    d. haemophilus influenzae
A

Toxoplasma gondii

83
Q
  1. Mosquito eradiaction could change the epidemiology of
    a. polio
    b. Zika
    c. West nile
    d. two of these
A

Zika and west nile

Microbiology (16 decks)

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