Chpt. 12 study guide

Question 1

social psychology

Answer 1

deals with interactions between people

Question 2

intrapersonal vs interpersonal

Answer 2

• intrapersonal topics include emotions, attitudes, the self, and social cognition
• interpersonal topics include helping behaviors, aggression, prejudice, discrimination, attraction, and group processes

Question 3

situationism

Answer 3

the view that our behavior and actions are determined by our immediate environment and surroundings

Question 4

dispositionism

Answer 4

the view that our behavior is determined by internal factors

Question 5

fundamental attribution error

Answer 5

emphasizing internal factors as explanations for the behavior of others,
which causes you to underestimate the power of the situation

Question 6

actor-observer bias

Answer 6

emphasizing internal factors as the explanation for other people’s behaviors and our own behaviors are due to situational forces

Question 7

self-serving bias

Answer 7

tendency to make internal (dispositional) excuses for positive outcomes but external (situational) excuses for negative outcomes.

Question 8

3 reasons for attribution

Answer 8

1. locus of control- internal vs. external
2. stability- are the circumstances changeable
3. controllability- which circumstances can be controlled

Question 9

Just-world hypothesis

Answer 9

belief that people get the outcomes they deserve

Question 10

social role vs social norm vs script

Answer 10

• social role is a pattern of behavior that’s expected of a person in a given setting or group

-social norm is a group’s expectation of what is appropriate and acceptable behavior

• script is a person’s knowledge about the sequence of events expected in a specific setting

Question 11

attitude

Answer 11

our evaluation of a person, an idea, or an object

Question 12

3 components of attitude

Answer 12

• affective: feelings
• behavioral: the effect of attitude on behavior
• cognitive: belief and knowledge

Question 13

cognitive dissonance

Answer 13

psychological discomfort arising from holding two or more inconsistent, attitudes, behaviors, or cognition

Question 14

effects of initiation

Answer 14

justification of effort has a distinct effect on a person liking a group, difficult initiation into a group influence us to like the group more

Question 15

persuasion

Answer 15

process of changing our attitudes toward something based on some kind of communication

Question 16

elaboration likelihood model

Answer 16

states that persuasion takes either the central path or the peripheral path, and the durability of the end result depends on the path

Question 17

central vs peripheral route

Answer 17

• central employs direct, messages that produce a long standing agreement
• peripheral relies on superficial cues that have little to do with logic common sales technique

Question 18

Foot-in-the-door technique

Answer 18

persuader gets a person to agree to a small favor only to alter request a larger favor

Question 19

asch effect

Answer 19

the influence of the group majority on an individual’s judgment

Question 20

normative social influence vs informational social influence

Answer 20

• normative influence is when people conform to the group norm to fit in

-information influence is when people conform because they think the group has the correct information

Question 21

obedience

Answer 21

the change of an individual’s behavior to comply with a demand by an authority figure

Question 22

group think

Answer 22

modifying group members opinions to align with the groups consensus

Question 23

Group polarization

Answer 23

the original group view becomes stronger after other group views are discussed

Question 24

social facilitation

Answer 24

occurs when an individual performs better when an audience is watching

Question 25

social loafing

Answer 25

when a person works less hard when working together with a group

Question 26

prejudice vs. discrimination vs. stereotype

Answer 26

-prejudice is a negative ATTITUDE towards an individual because of their membership in a social group

• discrimination is a negative ACTION towards an individual because of their membership in a social group
• stereotype is a specific belief about individuals based solely on their membership in a group

Question 27

self-fulfilling prophecy

Answer 27

an expectation held by a person that alters his or her behavior in a way that tends to make it true

Question 28

confirmation bias

Answer 28

seek out information that supports our idea but ignore information that disproves our idea

Question 29

in-group bias

Answer 29

prejudice and discrimination because the out-group is perceived as different and is less preferred

Question 30

scapegoating

Answer 30

the act of blaming an out-group when the in-group experiences frustration

Question 31

hostile aggression vs instrumental aggression

Answer 31

-hostile aggression has the intent to cause pain

• instrumental aggression is motivated by achieving a goal and doesn’t always involve pain

Question 32

diffusion of responsibility

Answer 32

tendency for no one in a group to help because the responsibility is spread throughout the group

Question 33

prosocial behavior vs altruism vs empathy

Answer 33

• prosocial is voluntary behavior with the intent to help other people
• altruism is people’s desire to help other even if the costs outweigh the benefits of helping
• empathy is the capacity to understand another person’s perspective

Question 34

matching hypothesis

Answer 34

equally attractive people end up together

Question 35

intimacy vs passion vs commitment

Answer 35

• intimacy is the sharing of details and intimate thoughts and emotions
• passion is physical attraction
• commitment is standing by the person