Chpt. 11 study guide

Question 1

Phrenology

Answer 1

• fanz gall
• distances between bumps on the skull reveal their personality traits

Question 2

Wilhelm Wundts two major axes

Answer 2

• emotional/non emotional: separated strong emotions from the weak emotions
• changeable/unchangeable: separated strong emotions from the weak emotions

Question 3

Psychodynamic perspective

Answer 3

• Sigmund freud
• unconscious drives are influenced by sex, aggression
• childhood sexuality influenced personality

Question 4

Neo-freudians

Answer 4

were like Freud but thought it was less sexual

Question 5

Freudian slip

Answer 5

the slips of tongue are sexual/aggressive urges accidentally slipping out of our unconscious

Question 6

Id vs. Superego vs. Ego

Answer 6

• ID contains primitive urges like hunger, and sex
• Superego is learning social rules, and learning morality

-Ego in-between id and superego

Question 7

Defense mechanisms

Answer 7

repression, denial, reaction formation, rationalization, projection, sublimation, regression, displacement

Question 8

Reaction formation

Answer 8

acting the opposite of how you say you feel

Question 9

sublimation

Answer 9

substituting an acceptable behavior for an unacceptable desire

Question 10

displacement

Answer 10

taking our feelings out on someone else

Question 11

stages of psychosexual development (4)

Answer 11

anal, phallic, latency, genital

Question 12

individual psychology

Answer 12

focuses on our drive to compensate for feeling of inferiority

Question 13

psychosocial development

Answer 13

• personality develops throughout the lifespan
• based on social relationships

Question 14

analytical psychology

Answer 14

focused on working to balance conscious and unconscious though

Question 15

collective unconscious

Answer 15

universal version of personal unconscious, holding mental patterns, or memory traces

Question 16

behavioral perspective

Answer 16

learning approaches to personality focus on observable, measurable phenomena

Question 17

social-cognitive theory

Answer 17

emphasizes both learning and cognition as sources of individual difference in personality

Question 18

reciprocal determinism

Answer 18

cognitive processes, behavior, and context all interact

Question 19

self-efficacy

Answer 19

level of confidence in our own abilities, developed through social experiences

Question 20

locus of control

Answer 20

beliefs about the power we have over our lives, affects learning and personality development

Question 21

delayed gratification

Answer 21

the ability to resist the temptation for an immediate reward and wait for a later reward

Question 22

humanistic approaches

Answer 22

focuses on how healthy people develop

Question 23

biological approaches

Answer 23

perspective that differences in our personalities can be explained by inherited predispositions and physiological processes

Question 24

Cardinal traits vs. central traits vs. secondary traits

Answer 24

-cardinal traits dominate entire personality

• central traits make up our personality
• secondary traits are less obvious or consistent

Question 25

traits of the five factor model of personality (five)

Answer 25

openness, conscientiousness, extroversion, agreeableness, neuroticism

Question 26

individualists vs. collectivists

Answer 26

• individualists value independence
• collectivists value social harmony

Question 27

self-report inventories

Answer 27

objective test to assess personality often multiple choice or scales

Question 28

likert scales

Answer 28

scale of disagree to agree

Question 29

MMPI

Answer 29

scored on 10 scales, often true or false

Question 30

Thematic apperception test (TAT)

Answer 30

individual tells a story about cards which gives insight into their social world and interests

Question 31

Rotter incomplete sentence blank

Answer 31

complete 40 incomplete sentences as quick as possible to reveal desires, fears, and struggles