CHP4 - Long Term Memory

Question 1

Which type of long-term memory are we able to consciously retrieve?

Answer 1

Explicit/Declarative

Question 2

Explicit memory contains two subtypes of memory, what are they?

Answer 2

Episodic Memory & Semantic Memory

Question 3

Which type of long-term memory involves world knowledge such as facts, concepts, and ideas?

Answer 3

Semantic Memory

Question 4

Which type of long-term memory involves reliving an experience?

Answer 4

Episodic Memory

Question 5

The following are examples of which type of long-term memory?
Procedural Skills, Priming, Conditioning, and Perceptual learning

Answer 5

Implicit/ Non-declarative

Question 6

Long term memory skill that gives us the ability to do motor movements without thinking about each step such as writing, typing, riding a bike, and driving?
(hint: basal ganglia)

Answer 6

Procedural skills

Question 7

The automatic ability to recalibrate of sensory system based on previous experience

Answer 7

Perceptual Learning

Question 8

The change in perception and belief due to previous experience

Answer 8

Priming

Question 9

When individuals are exposed to positive information about a candidate before voting, they are more likely to support that candidate at the polls. This is an example of?

Answer 9

Priming

Question 10

Which type of memory task involves memory without intention?

Answer 10

Implicit

Question 11

Ivan’s Pavlov’s dogs automatically salivating when hearing a bell is an example of

Answer 11

Conditioning

Question 12

Long term memory is composed of explicit memory and implicit memory what are their subcategories?

Answer 12

Explicit Memory:
1. Semantic memory
2. Episodic memory
Implicit Memory:
1. Perceptual learning
2. Priming
3. Conditioning
4. Procedural memory

Question 13

A task that involves remembering a future task is known as

Answer 13

Prospective

Question 14

Who conducted on themselves and came determined a forgetting curve with his findings?

Answer 14

Herman Von Ebbinghaus

Question 15

Lack of consolidation when sleeping will result in?

Answer 15

Inability to retrieve or harder time to retrieve information due to weak neural connections

Question 16

Memory performance being higher for words in the beginning of the list is an example of

Answer 16

Primacy effect

Question 17

Memory performance being higher towards the end of the list is an example of

Answer 17

Recency Effect

Question 18

Primacy effect is due to increase _________ which indicates _________ term memory being used

Answer 18

Rehearsal; Long

Question 19

Recency effect is due to items being output ________ indicating _______ term memory being used

Answer 19

First; Short

Question 20

How can primacy effect be eliminated?

Answer 20

Having participants perform a counting task while learning words

Question 21

A learning technique that aids memory retention and retrieval; often by associating the information

Answer 21

Mnemonics

Question 22

A mnemonic device that involves a mental palace to mentally walk through a route

Answer 22

Method of Loci

Question 23

Mental pegs are most effective on which type of words?

Answer 23

Easy imaging words such as cat, dog, pencil – concrete words

Question 24

Why are mental pegs effective?

Answer 24

Dual code theory; Information being processed through two different channels – image and visual or sound

Question 25

What are the four different imagery mnemonics Roediger compared?

Answer 25

1. Separate mental images 2. Method of loci 3. Peg word method 4. Control (no imagery instructions/ verbal rehearsal)

Question 26

Who hypothesized dual code theory?

Answer 26

Allen Pavio

Question 27

A theory of cognition that suggest that the mind processes information along two different channels; verbal and nonverbal

Answer 27

Dual Code Theory

Question 28

What were the results of the four different imagery mnemonics Roediger conducted?

Answer 28

Verbal rehearsal (Control) = Semantic images < peg word = method of loci

Question 29

Memory is better for information that is different from the rest is known as?

Answer 29

Distinctiveness/ Von Restorff Effect

Question 30

What are the two different types of distinctiveness?

Answer 30

Physical distinction (Example: color ink difference/ voice difference) & Conceptual distinction

Question 31

Craik And Lockhart stated that memory depends on ________ of processing, not _________ of processing.

Answer 31

Quality; Quantity

Question 32

The Von Restorff effect is due to encoding or retrieval processes?

Answer 32

Retrieval

Question 33

For motor learning individuals that have fixed training vs variable training ,are likely to perform better or worse?

Answer 33

Worse; fixed training Better; Variable training

Question 34

Which individuals conducted a study focusing on encoding variability and motor learning?

Answer 34

Kerr and Booth

Question 35

What are the two types of rehearsals?

Answer 35

Maintenance (Shallow) Rehearsal and Elaborative Rehearsal Lockhart & Craik

Question 36

A type of rehearsal that involves rehearsal in the articulatory loop without involvement of central executive.

Answer 36

Maintenance (Shallow)

Question 37

A type of rehearsal that uses meaning to helps tore and remember information

Answer 37

Elaborative rehearsal

Question 38

Rank the level of processing from least to greatest probability of retrieving information: Phonological, Semantic, Physical

Answer 38

Physical, Phonological, Semantic

Question 39

Morris, Bransford, and Franks conducted a study focusing on the depth of processing. What did they conclude from the study?

Answer 39

(1) levels of processing effect depends on retrieval conditioning - OPTIMAL MEMORY when encoding and retrieval match (2) Data support transfer appropriate processing (TAP) (3) Standard RGN based on semantics

Question 40

Which individuals challenged the depth of processing and took into account retrieval? (How questions were asked)

Answer 40

Morris, Bransford, & Franks

Question 41

Which individuals hypothesized context dependent learning? Information is better remembered when the retrieval context matches the encoding context

Answer 41

Godden and Baddeley

Question 42

Individuals who learned a set of words underwater are better to retrieve the information underwater or on land?

Answer 42

Underwater; known as context-dependent learning

Question 43

A context effect in which participants recalled more words when learning state and retrieval state matched

Answer 43

State dependent learning (Goodwin)

Question 44

Mood Congruent Learning

Answer 44

Memory is better when a person's mood at encoding and retrieval are similar (Bower, Monteiro, & Gilligan)

Question 45

An individual is less likely or more likely to remember a gift given to themselves vs a family member? this is known as?

Answer 45

More likely to remember given to themselves; self reference

Question 46

Action Observation effect

Answer 46

Memory is better for observed actions than for corresponding verbal statements

Question 47

Enactment

Answer 47

Memory is better for actions that are actually carried out compared to those that are simply described

Question 48

Distinctive items are more strongly activated in which region of the brain?

Answer 48

Hippocampus

Question 49

Why do amnesiacs have little to no difference in the distinctiveness effect?

Answer 49

Distinctiveness requires strong activation in the hippocampus therefore requiring explicit memory to be able to acknowledge the difference between the items. Amnesiacs have a weak explicit memory and stronger implicit memory

Question 50

Which individuals conducted the spacing effect study?

Answer 50

Elmes, Greener & Wilkinson

Question 51

For the spacing effect study, with increased lag did the retention of the word following P2 increase or decrease?

Answer 51

As lag increased attention/retention to following word decrease, participants too focused on the repeated word (P2) which involuntarily causes inattention of following word

Question 52

As lag increased in the spacing effect study P2 attention decreases or increased?

Answer 52

With greater lag greater retention

Question 53

Elmes, Greener & Wilkinson conducted a study resulting in a certain phenomenon. What is it?

Answer 53

Spacing effect

Question 54

For Hintzman, Summers, Eki and Moore Study: spacing effect due to motivation, what word would they place they tone on?

Answer 54

P2 - second presentation of repeated word

Question 55

What were the results of Hintzman, Summers, Eki and Moore Study: spacing effect due to motivation?

Answer 55

Deficiency is NOT under CONSCIOUS control

Question 56

Which individuals conducted a study that focused on P2 deficiency being under attentional control?

Answer 56

Hintzman, Summer, Eki & Moore

Question 57

Which individuals focused on the encoding variability during spacing effect?

Answer 57

Gartman and Johnson

Question 58

In Gartman & Johnson's study, spacing effect: encoding variability, which trial performed the best with a lag of 2?

Answer 58

Homographs; same word with different meaning

Question 59

Gartman & Johnson's study, spacing effect: encoding variability, retention of words with different meaning (homographs) performing better than contextual, can also explain what?

Answer 59

Levels of Processing Physical, Phonological, Semantic

Question 60

Which individuals conducted a study focusing on the encoding and retrieval interactions?

Answer 60

Morris, Bransford & Franks

Question 61

Define Encoding Specificity Principle

Answer 61

Memory enhances when the retrieval context matches the encoding context

Question 62

What are the three forms of encoding specificity learned in class?

Answer 62

Contextual learning dependent , State learning dependent, mood congruent learning

Question 63

In Morris, Brandford, and Franks study: transfer appropriate process, the study group that encoded using rhymes performed better on the semantic test or phonological test?

Answer 63

Phonological test