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Cognitive Psychology > CHP4 - Long Term Memory > Flashcards

CHP4 - Long Term Memory Flashcards

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1
Q

Which type of long-term memory are we able to consciously retrieve?

A

Explicit/Declarative

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2
Q

Explicit memory contains two subtypes of memory, what are they?

A

Episodic Memory & Semantic Memory

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3
Q

Which type of long-term memory involves world knowledge such as facts, concepts, and ideas?

A

Semantic Memory

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4
Q

Which type of long-term memory involves reliving an experience?

A

Episodic Memory

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5
Q

The following are examples of which type of long-term memory?
Procedural Skills, Priming, Conditioning, and Perceptual learning

A

Implicit/ Non-declarative

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6
Q

Long term memory skill that gives us the ability to do motor movements without thinking about each step such as writing, typing, riding a bike, and driving?
(hint: basal ganglia)

A

Procedural skills

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7
Q

The automatic ability to recalibrate of sensory system based on previous experience

A

Perceptual Learning

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8
Q

The change in perception and belief due to previous experience

A

Priming

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9
Q

When individuals are exposed to positive information about a candidate before voting, they are more likely to support that candidate at the polls. This is an example of?

A

Priming

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10
Q

Which type of memory task involves memory without intention?

A

Implicit

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11
Q

Ivan’s Pavlov’s dogs automatically salivating when hearing a bell is an example of

A

Conditioning

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12
Q

Long term memory is composed of explicit memory and implicit memory what are their subcategories?

A

Explicit Memory:
1. Semantic memory
2. Episodic memory
Implicit Memory:
1. Perceptual learning
2. Priming
3. Conditioning
4. Procedural memory

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13
Q

A task that involves remembering a future task is known as

A

Prospective

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14
Q

Who conducted on themselves and came determined a forgetting curve with his findings?

A

Herman Von Ebbinghaus

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15
Q

Lack of consolidation when sleeping will result in?

A

Inability to retrieve or harder time to retrieve information due to weak neural connections

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16
Q

Memory performance being higher for words in the beginning of the list is an example of

A

Primacy effect

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17
Q

Memory performance being higher towards the end of the list is an example of

A

Recency Effect

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18
Q

Primacy effect is due to increase _________ which indicates _________ term memory being used

A

Rehearsal; Long

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19
Q

Recency effect is due to items being output ________ indicating _______ term memory being used

A

First; Short

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20
Q

How can primacy effect be eliminated?

A

Having participants perform a counting task while learning words

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21
Q

A learning technique that aids memory retention and retrieval; often by associating the information

A

Mnemonics

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22
Q

A mnemonic device that involves a mental palace to mentally walk through a route

A

Method of Loci

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23
Q

Mental pegs are most effective on which type of words?

A

Easy imaging words such as cat, dog, pencil – concrete words

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24
Q

Why are mental pegs effective?

A

Dual code theory; Information being processed through two different channels – image and visual or sound

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25
Q

What are the four different imagery mnemonics Roediger compared?

A
  1. Separate mental images
  2. Method of loci
  3. Peg word method
  4. Control (no imagery instructions/ verbal rehearsal)
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26
Q

Who hypothesized dual code theory?

A

Allen Pavio

27
Q

A theory of cognition that suggest that the mind processes information along two different channels; verbal and nonverbal

A

Dual Code Theory

28
Q

What were the results of the four different imagery mnemonics Roediger conducted?

A

Verbal rehearsal (Control) = Semantic images < peg word = method of loci

29
Q

Memory is better for information that is different from the rest is known as?

A

Distinctiveness/ Von Restorff Effect

30
Q

What are the two different types of distinctiveness?

A

Physical distinction (Example: color ink difference/ voice difference)
& Conceptual distinction

31
Q

Craik And Lockhart stated that memory depends on ________ of processing, not _________ of processing.

A

Quality; Quantity

32
Q

The Von Restorff effect is due to encoding or retrieval processes?

A

Retrieval

33
Q

For motor learning individuals that have fixed training vs variable training ,are likely to perform better or worse?

A

Worse; fixed training
Better; Variable training

34
Q

Which individuals conducted a study focusing on encoding variability and motor learning?

A

Kerr and Booth

35
Q

What are the two types of rehearsals?

A

Maintenance (Shallow) Rehearsal and Elaborative Rehearsal

Lockhart & Craik

36
Q

A type of rehearsal that involves rehearsal in the articulatory loop without involvement of central executive.

A

Maintenance (Shallow)

37
Q

A type of rehearsal that uses meaning to helps tore and remember information

A

Elaborative rehearsal

38
Q

Rank the level of processing from least to greatest probability of retrieving information: Phonological, Semantic, Physical

A

Physical, Phonological, Semantic

39
Q

Morris, Bransford, and Franks conducted a study focusing on the depth of processing. What did they conclude from the study?

A

(1) levels of processing effect depends on retrieval conditioning - OPTIMAL MEMORY when encoding and retrieval match
(2) Data support transfer appropriate processing (TAP)
(3) Standard RGN based on semantics

40
Q

Which individuals challenged the depth of processing and took into account retrieval? (How questions were asked)

A

Morris, Bransford, & Franks

41
Q

Which individuals hypothesized context dependent learning? Information is better remembered when the retrieval context matches the encoding context

A

Godden and Baddeley

42
Q

Individuals who learned a set of words underwater are better to retrieve the information underwater or on land?

A

Underwater; known as context-dependent learning

43
Q

A context effect in which participants recalled more words when learning state and retrieval state matched

A

State dependent learning (Goodwin)

44
Q

Mood Congruent Learning

A

Memory is better when a person’s mood at encoding and retrieval are similar

(Bower, Monteiro, & Gilligan)

45
Q

An individual is less likely or more likely to remember a gift given to themselves vs a family member? this is known as?

A

More likely to remember given to themselves; self reference

46
Q

Action Observation effect

A

Memory is better for observed actions than for corresponding verbal statements

47
Q

Enactment

A

Memory is better for actions that are actually carried out compared to those that are simply described

48
Q

Distinctive items are more strongly activated in which region of the brain?

A

Hippocampus

49
Q

Why do amnesiacs have little to no difference in the distinctiveness effect?

A

Distinctiveness requires strong activation in the hippocampus therefore requiring explicit memory to be able to acknowledge the difference between the items. Amnesiacs have a weak explicit memory and stronger implicit memory

50
Q

Which individuals conducted the spacing effect study?

A

Elmes, Greener & Wilkinson

51
Q

For the spacing effect study, with increased lag did the retention of the word following P2 increase or decrease?

A

As lag increased attention/retention to following word decrease, participants too focused on the repeated word (P2) which involuntarily causes inattention of following word

52
Q

As lag increased in the spacing effect study P2 attention decreases or increased?

A

With greater lag greater retention

53
Q

Elmes, Greener & Wilkinson conducted a study resulting in a certain phenomenon. What is it?

A

Spacing effect

54
Q

For Hintzman, Summers, Eki and Moore Study: spacing effect due to motivation, what word would they place they tone on?

A

P2 - second presentation of repeated word

55
Q

What were the results of Hintzman, Summers, Eki and Moore Study: spacing effect due to motivation?

A

Deficiency is NOT under CONSCIOUS control

56
Q

Which individuals conducted a study that focused on P2 deficiency being under attentional control?

A

Hintzman, Summer, Eki & Moore

57
Q

Which individuals focused on the encoding variability during spacing effect?

A

Gartman and Johnson

58
Q

In Gartman & Johnson’s study, spacing effect: encoding variability, which trial performed the best with a lag of 2?

A

Homographs; same word with different meaning

59
Q

Gartman & Johnson’s study, spacing effect: encoding variability, retention of words with different meaning (homographs) performing better than contextual, can also explain what?

A

Levels of Processing
Physical, Phonological, Semantic

60
Q

Which individuals conducted a study focusing on the encoding and retrieval interactions?

A

Morris, Bransford & Franks

61
Q

Define Encoding Specificity Principle

A

Memory enhances when the retrieval context matches the encoding context

62
Q

What are the three forms of encoding specificity learned in class?

A

Contextual learning dependent , State learning dependent, mood congruent learning

63
Q

In Morris, Brandford, and Franks study: transfer appropriate process, the study group that encoded using rhymes performed better on the semantic test or phonological test?

A

Phonological test

64
Q
A

Cognitive Psychology (9 decks)

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