CHP4 - Long Term Memory Flashcards
Which type of long-term memory are we able to consciously retrieve?
Explicit/Declarative
Explicit memory contains two subtypes of memory, what are they?
Episodic Memory & Semantic Memory
Which type of long-term memory involves world knowledge such as facts, concepts, and ideas?
Semantic Memory
Which type of long-term memory involves reliving an experience?
Episodic Memory
The following are examples of which type of long-term memory?
Procedural Skills, Priming, Conditioning, and Perceptual learning
Implicit/ Non-declarative
Long term memory skill that gives us the ability to do motor movements without thinking about each step such as writing, typing, riding a bike, and driving?
(hint: basal ganglia)
Procedural skills
The automatic ability to recalibrate of sensory system based on previous experience
Perceptual Learning
The change in perception and belief due to previous experience
Priming
When individuals are exposed to positive information about a candidate before voting, they are more likely to support that candidate at the polls. This is an example of?
Priming
Which type of memory task involves memory without intention?
Implicit
Ivan’s Pavlov’s dogs automatically salivating when hearing a bell is an example of
Conditioning
Long term memory is composed of explicit memory and implicit memory what are their subcategories?
Explicit Memory:
1. Semantic memory
2. Episodic memory
Implicit Memory:
1. Perceptual learning
2. Priming
3. Conditioning
4. Procedural memory
A task that involves remembering a future task is known as
Prospective
Who conducted on themselves and came determined a forgetting curve with his findings?
Herman Von Ebbinghaus
Lack of consolidation when sleeping will result in?
Inability to retrieve or harder time to retrieve information due to weak neural connections
Memory performance being higher for words in the beginning of the list is an example of
Primacy effect
Memory performance being higher towards the end of the list is an example of
Recency Effect
Primacy effect is due to increase _________ which indicates _________ term memory being used
Rehearsal; Long
Recency effect is due to items being output ________ indicating _______ term memory being used
First; Short
How can primacy effect be eliminated?
Having participants perform a counting task while learning words
A learning technique that aids memory retention and retrieval; often by associating the information
Mnemonics
A mnemonic device that involves a mental palace to mentally walk through a route
Method of Loci
Mental pegs are most effective on which type of words?
Easy imaging words such as cat, dog, pencil – concrete words
Why are mental pegs effective?
Dual code theory; Information being processed through two different channels – image and visual or sound
What are the four different imagery mnemonics Roediger compared?
- Separate mental images
- Method of loci
- Peg word method
- Control (no imagery instructions/ verbal rehearsal)
Who hypothesized dual code theory?
Allen Pavio
A theory of cognition that suggest that the mind processes information along two different channels; verbal and nonverbal
Dual Code Theory
What were the results of the four different imagery mnemonics Roediger conducted?
Verbal rehearsal (Control) = Semantic images < peg word = method of loci
Memory is better for information that is different from the rest is known as?
Distinctiveness/ Von Restorff Effect
What are the two different types of distinctiveness?
Physical distinction (Example: color ink difference/ voice difference)
& Conceptual distinction
Craik And Lockhart stated that memory depends on ________ of processing, not _________ of processing.
Quality; Quantity
The Von Restorff effect is due to encoding or retrieval processes?
Retrieval
For motor learning individuals that have fixed training vs variable training ,are likely to perform better or worse?
Worse; fixed training
Better; Variable training
Which individuals conducted a study focusing on encoding variability and motor learning?
Kerr and Booth
What are the two types of rehearsals?
Maintenance (Shallow) Rehearsal and Elaborative Rehearsal
Lockhart & Craik
A type of rehearsal that involves rehearsal in the articulatory loop without involvement of central executive.
Maintenance (Shallow)
A type of rehearsal that uses meaning to helps tore and remember information
Elaborative rehearsal
Rank the level of processing from least to greatest probability of retrieving information: Phonological, Semantic, Physical
Physical, Phonological, Semantic
Morris, Bransford, and Franks conducted a study focusing on the depth of processing. What did they conclude from the study?
(1) levels of processing effect depends on retrieval conditioning - OPTIMAL MEMORY when encoding and retrieval match
(2) Data support transfer appropriate processing (TAP)
(3) Standard RGN based on semantics
Which individuals challenged the depth of processing and took into account retrieval? (How questions were asked)
Morris, Bransford, & Franks
Which individuals hypothesized context dependent learning? Information is better remembered when the retrieval context matches the encoding context
Godden and Baddeley
Individuals who learned a set of words underwater are better to retrieve the information underwater or on land?
Underwater; known as context-dependent learning
A context effect in which participants recalled more words when learning state and retrieval state matched
State dependent learning (Goodwin)
Mood Congruent Learning
Memory is better when a person’s mood at encoding and retrieval are similar
(Bower, Monteiro, & Gilligan)
An individual is less likely or more likely to remember a gift given to themselves vs a family member? this is known as?
More likely to remember given to themselves; self reference
Action Observation effect
Memory is better for observed actions than for corresponding verbal statements
Enactment
Memory is better for actions that are actually carried out compared to those that are simply described
Distinctive items are more strongly activated in which region of the brain?
Hippocampus
Why do amnesiacs have little to no difference in the distinctiveness effect?
Distinctiveness requires strong activation in the hippocampus therefore requiring explicit memory to be able to acknowledge the difference between the items. Amnesiacs have a weak explicit memory and stronger implicit memory
Which individuals conducted the spacing effect study?
Elmes, Greener & Wilkinson
For the spacing effect study, with increased lag did the retention of the word following P2 increase or decrease?
As lag increased attention/retention to following word decrease, participants too focused on the repeated word (P2) which involuntarily causes inattention of following word
As lag increased in the spacing effect study P2 attention decreases or increased?
With greater lag greater retention
Elmes, Greener & Wilkinson conducted a study resulting in a certain phenomenon. What is it?
Spacing effect
For Hintzman, Summers, Eki and Moore Study: spacing effect due to motivation, what word would they place they tone on?
P2 - second presentation of repeated word
What were the results of Hintzman, Summers, Eki and Moore Study: spacing effect due to motivation?
Deficiency is NOT under CONSCIOUS control
Which individuals conducted a study that focused on P2 deficiency being under attentional control?
Hintzman, Summer, Eki & Moore
Which individuals focused on the encoding variability during spacing effect?
Gartman and Johnson
In Gartman & Johnson’s study, spacing effect: encoding variability, which trial performed the best with a lag of 2?
Homographs; same word with different meaning
Gartman & Johnson’s study, spacing effect: encoding variability, retention of words with different meaning (homographs) performing better than contextual, can also explain what?
Levels of Processing
Physical, Phonological, Semantic
Which individuals conducted a study focusing on the encoding and retrieval interactions?
Morris, Bransford & Franks
Define Encoding Specificity Principle
Memory enhances when the retrieval context matches the encoding context
What are the three forms of encoding specificity learned in class?
Contextual learning dependent , State learning dependent, mood congruent learning
In Morris, Brandford, and Franks study: transfer appropriate process, the study group that encoded using rhymes performed better on the semantic test or phonological test?
Phonological test
