CHP 7 - Perception Flashcards
When does a stimulus have a high response?
Activation - when it is first detected
When walking into a room, you notice there is a pungent smell. However, over time you do not notice it as much. This is an example of sensory?
Sensory adaptation
Which sensory receptor is responsible for detecting light
Photoreceptors
What region of the eye are photoreceptors located?
Retina
What is the function of the pupil?
Controls the amount of light that enters the eye
The pupil will increase in size when exposed to brighter light, give another example as to why the pupil will increase in size (not drugs)
Emotional response/ Arousal
What is responsible for causing blind spot?
Exit way for optic nerve to allow communication between the eye and brain; No photoreceptor presence
What is the most abundant photoreceptor?
Rods
The fovea centralis is highly concentrated in which type of photoreceptors?
Cones
What is the ratio between rods and cones?
20R:1C
To see an object with sharp vision we must focus the image on?
Fovea centralis
T/F: the fovea centralis only has cone photoreceptors
True
Individuals that can see objects up close but not far way have?
Myopia - Nearsightedness
Individuals who see well from afar but not up-close have?
Hyperopia - Farsightedness
If the cornea is too steep or eyes are too long the individual would have myopia or hyperopia?
Myopia; Nearsightedness
If the image is focused in front of the retina, the individual would have?
Myopia; Nearsightedness
If the image is focused in the back of the retina the individual would have?
Hyperopia; Farsightedness
What is the function of the lens?
To bring objects into focus
What is the difference between sensation and perception?
Sensation is how we RECEIVE information by our sensory system
Perception is our CONSCIOUS awareness of the information
The process of interpreting and understanding sensory information is?
Perception
The reception of stimulation from the environment and its encoding into the nervous system is?
Sensation
Visual illusions provide a great example between __________ and ____________.
Sensation and Perception
T/F: closer objects cast larger retina images
True
T/F: Farther objects cast smaller retinal images
True
If a ball is moving towards you but you are unable to determine how far it is from you, which pathway has been affected?
Dorsal (where) Pathway
If an object is in front of you that you regularly see and do not know what the object is, which pathway has been affected?
Ventral (what) pathway
What is top-down processing?
higher level knowledge influences lower-level processes
What is bottom up processing?
Processing is driven by the stimulus pattern, the actual incoming data
Which two processes interact to affect perception?
Data driven (bottom up) and conceptually driven (top down) processes
Gestalt psychology is a branch of psychology that focuses on?
The whole (rather than the sum of its parts)
Six of Gestalts principles were learned in class, what are they?
Figure-ground, Similarity, Proximity, Continuity, and Common Fate
Which Gestalt principle explains the following:
Our visual system separates an image into two components: foreground and background
Figure-Ground
Which Gestalt principle explains the following:
The perception of groups being closer together
Proximity
Which Gestalt principle explains the following:
When objects or elements share superficial characteristics, we perceive them as grouped
Similarity
Which Gestalt principle is the following:
The preference of complete shapes, so we automatically fill the gaps between the elements to perceive a complete image
Closure
Which Gestalt principle is the following:
Objects that move together flow together therefore we perceive it as a group
Common Fate
Which Gestalt principle explains the following:
Preference to see a continuous flow of visual elements rather than separated objects
Continuity
Navon’s experiment is known as?
Global Precendence
Which task had participants see a large letter that was made up of smaller letters, then asked to identify the large or small letters?
Global Precedence , Navon (1977)
T/F: Navon’s results showed that participants identified the small letters faster than the large letters
False
T/F: In Navon’s results, participants took longer to identify the local letter when it conflicted with the global letter
True
What is embodied conginition?
Environment shapes perception
T/F: In Profitt’s experiment regarding the estimation of a slope, participants who were wearing a heavy backpack were more accurate at estimating the slope of the hill
False: individuals were more likely to OVERESTIMATE the slope of a hill
What were the results of Witt, Linkenauger, and Proffitt (2012), regarding perception and putting?
When the hole was surrounded by smaller objects and perceived larger – individuals performed better despite the size of the hole being the same
Witt and Brockmole’s study (2012) showed that when individuals are holding a gun they are more likely to?
Perceive that others are holding a gun
Template approach
Templates are stored models of ALL categorizable patterns
When to be identified object provides an EXACT match a stored pattern, we recognize the object
Template Approach
What are the flaws of the template approach
Impracticality: large # of templates would need to be stored
Simplicity: does not explain how we are able to identify new objects (objects at a rotation or a bird we have not seen before)
Theory stating that we are able to see components before its parts and all objects are made up of a combination of geons
RBC Theory; Recognition by Components
Which of the following best explains the ability to identify an object with a different orientation?
Template approach or RBC theory
RBC Theory
What were the results of Davenport and Potter’s expirement?
1) Participants were more accurate at identifying objects than backgrounds
2) Participants were much more accurate at identifying background when object was consistent with background
What were the flaws with RBC theory?
Strictly bottom up processing - individuals are more quickly to recognize objects in their realm, does not account for context effects
Which type of approach is used for (basic-level) categorical distinctions?
Parts based approach
Which type of approach is used for (subordinate level) categorical similarities?
Template based approach
Which area of the brain is responsible for facial recognition? What lobe is it located in?
Fusiform face area - Right temporal lobe
Individuals with Prosopagnosia have the inability to?
Remember/recognize faces
Individuals diagnosed with prosopagnosia have shown to have different skin conductance responses to familiar faces compared to unfamiliar faces, even though they reported not recognizing any of the faces. What type of memory could explain this?
Implicit Memory
What are the two steps involved in facial recognition?
First order relational: how parts of an object relate to one another
Second order relational: comparing first order relational information to an “average” face
Face inversion disrupts __________ order, but not ___________ order information
Second, First
Thatcher illusion is?
Inverting faces severely disrupts ability to recognize faces
Faces are processed holistically or by features?
Holistically
What did individuals have to identify in Tanaka and Frah - face processing study?
Identify specific features of a face or house (object/control)
What were the results of Tanaka and Farah (1993) Face processing study?
Participants were not good at recognizing parts of a face – therefore faces are encoded/stored holistically vs objects are stored by parts
Which hemisphere is responsible for self recognition?
Right Hemisphere
Keenan et al. (1999) study on facial recognition had participants respond when the picture went from looking like them to less than looking like them by either using their left hand or right hand when responding.
What were the results of the study?
Left hand individuals responded more quickly because the right hemisphere is specialized in self-recognition
T/F: People are more likely to see themselves as more attractive
True
What were the results of Epley and Whitchurch (2008): Mirror, Mirror on the wall: Enhancement in Self-Recognition?
Individuals perceived themselves 20% more attractive than their actual appearance
Humans can hear between ___ - _________ Hz
20 - 20,000
What is place theory? (Pitch Perception)
Different tones excite different areas of the basilar membrane and primary auditory cortex
The base of the basilar membrane responds best to ________ frequencies and the tip of the basilar membrane responds best to ______ frequencies
High - Base; Low- Tip
What is temporal theory? (Pitch perception)
Neuronal rate of fire reproduces the frequency of the sound
T/F: Hair cells in the ear regenerate
False
T/F: Top down processes affect auditory stimuli as well
True
What is multisensory intergration?
Many areas of our brain receiving input from multiple senses
An experience in which input from one sensory system produces an experience in multiple modalities
Synesthesia
I am feeling blue, red hot.
These are examples of?
Linguistic Synesthesia
What is Grapheme-color synesthesia?
Link between colors and letters
What is lexical-gustatory synesthesia?
Hearing words produce a specific taste
What is Auditory-tactile synesthesia?
Sounds produce bodily sensations
In Witthoft, Winawer, & Eagleman (2015) what did the study conclude?
(Studied individuals with grapheme-color synesthesia)
Colors assigned to letter are influenced by childhood toys – letter color association to some extent has been conditioned
