CHP 7 - Perception Flashcards by Natalie Mata

When does a stimulus have a high response?

Activation - when it is first detected

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When walking into a room, you notice there is a pungent smell. However, over time you do not notice it as much. This is an example of sensory?

Sensory adaptation

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Which sensory receptor is responsible for detecting light

Photoreceptors

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What region of the eye are photoreceptors located?

Retina

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What is the function of the pupil?

Controls the amount of light that enters the eye

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The pupil will increase in size when exposed to brighter light, give another example as to why the pupil will increase in size (not drugs)

Emotional response/ Arousal

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What is responsible for causing blind spot?

Exit way for optic nerve to allow communication between the eye and brain; No photoreceptor presence

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What is the most abundant photoreceptor?

Rods

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The fovea centralis is highly concentrated in which type of photoreceptors?

Cones

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What is the ratio between rods and cones?

20R:1C

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To see an object with sharp vision we must focus the image on?

Fovea centralis

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T/F: the fovea centralis only has cone photoreceptors

True

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Individuals that can see objects up close but not far way have?

Myopia - Nearsightedness

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Individuals who see well from afar but not up-close have?

Hyperopia - Farsightedness

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If the cornea is too steep or eyes are too long the individual would have myopia or hyperopia?

Myopia; Nearsightedness

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If the image is focused in front of the retina, the individual would have?

Myopia; Nearsightedness

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If the image is focused in the back of the retina the individual would have?

Hyperopia; Farsightedness

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What is the function of the lens?

To bring objects into focus

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What is the difference between sensation and perception?

Sensation is how we RECEIVE information by our sensory system
Perception is our CONSCIOUS awareness of the information

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The process of interpreting and understanding sensory information is?

Perception

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The reception of stimulation from the environment and its encoding into the nervous system is?

Sensation

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Visual illusions provide a great example between __________ and ____________.

Sensation and Perception

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T/F: closer objects cast larger retina images

True

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T/F: Farther objects cast smaller retinal images

True

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If a ball is moving towards you but you are unable to determine how far it is from you, which pathway has been affected?

Dorsal (where) Pathway

If an object is in front of you that you regularly see and do not know what the object is, which pathway has been affected?

Ventral (what) pathway

What is top-down processing?

higher level knowledge influences lower-level processes

What is bottom up processing?

Processing is driven by the stimulus pattern, the actual incoming data

Which two processes interact to affect perception?

Data driven (bottom up) and conceptually driven (top down) processes

Gestalt psychology is a branch of psychology that focuses on?

The whole (rather than the sum of its parts)

Six of Gestalts principles were learned in class, what are they?

Figure-ground, Similarity, Proximity, Continuity, and Common Fate

Which Gestalt principle explains the following: Our visual system separates an image into two components: foreground and background

Figure-Ground

Which Gestalt principle explains the following: The perception of groups being closer together

Proximity

Which Gestalt principle explains the following: When objects or elements share superficial characteristics, we perceive them as grouped

Similarity

Which Gestalt principle is the following: The preference of complete shapes, so we automatically fill the gaps between the elements to perceive a complete image

Closure

Which Gestalt principle is the following: Objects that move together flow together therefore we perceive it as a group

Common Fate

Which Gestalt principle explains the following: Preference to see a continuous flow of visual elements rather than separated objects

Continuity

Navon's experiment is known as?

Global Precendence

Which task had participants see a large letter that was made up of smaller letters, then asked to identify the large or small letters?

Global Precedence , Navon (1977)

T/F: Navon's results showed that participants identified the small letters faster than the large letters

False

T/F: In Navon's results, participants took longer to identify the local letter when it conflicted with the global letter

True

What is embodied conginition?

Environment shapes perception

T/F: In Profitt's experiment regarding the estimation of a slope, participants who were wearing a heavy backpack were more accurate at estimating the slope of the hill

False: individuals were more likely to OVERESTIMATE the slope of a hill

What were the results of Witt, Linkenauger, and Proffitt (2012), regarding perception and putting?

When the hole was surrounded by smaller objects and perceived larger -- individuals performed better despite the size of the hole being the same

Witt and Brockmole's study (2012) showed that when individuals are holding a gun they are more likely to?

Perceive that others are holding a gun

Template approach

Templates are stored models of ALL categorizable patterns

When to be identified object provides an EXACT match a stored pattern, we recognize the object

Template Approach

What are the flaws of the template approach

Impracticality: large # of templates would need to be stored Simplicity: does not explain how we are able to identify new objects (objects at a rotation or a bird we have not seen before)

Theory stating that we are able to see components before its parts and all objects are made up of a combination of geons

RBC Theory; Recognition by Components

Which of the following best explains the ability to identify an object with a different orientation? Template approach or RBC theory

RBC Theory

What were the results of Davenport and Potter's expirement?

1) Participants were more accurate at identifying objects than backgrounds 2) Participants were much more accurate at identifying background when object was consistent with background

What were the flaws with RBC theory?

Strictly bottom up processing - individuals are more quickly to recognize objects in their realm, does not account for context effects

Which type of approach is used for (basic-level) categorical distinctions?

Parts based approach

Which type of approach is used for (subordinate level) categorical similarities?

Template based approach

Which area of the brain is responsible for facial recognition? What lobe is it located in?

Fusiform face area - Right temporal lobe

Individuals with Prosopagnosia have the inability to?

Remember/recognize faces

Individuals diagnosed with prosopagnosia have shown to have different skin conductance responses to familiar faces compared to unfamiliar faces, even though they reported not recognizing any of the faces. What type of memory could explain this?

Implicit Memory

What are the two steps involved in facial recognition?

First order relational: how parts of an object relate to one another Second order relational: comparing first order relational information to an "average" face

Face inversion disrupts __________ order, but not ___________ order information

Second, First

Thatcher illusion is?

Inverting faces severely disrupts ability to recognize faces

Faces are processed holistically or by features?

Holistically

What did individuals have to identify in Tanaka and Frah - face processing study?

Identify specific features of a face or house (object/control)

What were the results of Tanaka and Farah (1993) Face processing study?

Participants were not good at recognizing parts of a face -- therefore faces are encoded/stored holistically vs objects are stored by parts

Which hemisphere is responsible for self recognition?

Right Hemisphere

Keenan et al. (1999) study on facial recognition had participants respond when the picture went from looking like them to less than looking like them by either using their left hand or right hand when responding. What were the results of the study?

Left hand individuals responded more quickly because the right hemisphere is specialized in self-recognition

T/F: People are more likely to see themselves as more attractive

True

What were the results of Epley and Whitchurch (2008): Mirror, Mirror on the wall: Enhancement in Self-Recognition?

Individuals perceived themselves 20% more attractive than their actual appearance

Humans can hear between ___ - _________ Hz

20 - 20,000

What is place theory? (Pitch Perception)

Different tones excite different areas of the basilar membrane and primary auditory cortex

The base of the basilar membrane responds best to ________ frequencies and the tip of the basilar membrane responds best to ______ frequencies

High - Base; Low- Tip

What is temporal theory? (Pitch perception)

Neuronal rate of fire reproduces the frequency of the sound

T/F: Hair cells in the ear regenerate

False

T/F: Top down processes affect auditory stimuli as well

True

What is multisensory intergration?

Many areas of our brain receiving input from multiple senses

An experience in which input from one sensory system produces an experience in multiple modalities

Synesthesia

I am feeling blue, red hot. These are examples of?

Linguistic Synesthesia

What is Grapheme-color synesthesia?

Link between colors and letters

What is lexical-gustatory synesthesia?

Hearing words produce a specific taste

What is Auditory-tactile synesthesia?

Sounds produce bodily sensations

In Witthoft, Winawer, & Eagleman (2015) what did the study conclude? (Studied individuals with grapheme-color synesthesia)

Colors assigned to letter are influenced by childhood toys -- letter color association to some extent has been conditioned