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Cognitive Psychology > CHP 7 - Perception > Flashcards

CHP 7 - Perception Flashcards

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1
Q

When does a stimulus have a high response?

A

Activation - when it is first detected

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2
Q

When walking into a room, you notice there is a pungent smell. However, over time you do not notice it as much. This is an example of sensory?

A

Sensory adaptation

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3
Q

Which sensory receptor is responsible for detecting light

A

Photoreceptors

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4
Q

What region of the eye are photoreceptors located?

A

Retina

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5
Q

What is the function of the pupil?

A

Controls the amount of light that enters the eye

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6
Q

The pupil will increase in size when exposed to brighter light, give another example as to why the pupil will increase in size (not drugs)

A

Emotional response/ Arousal

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7
Q

What is responsible for causing blind spot?

A

Exit way for optic nerve to allow communication between the eye and brain; No photoreceptor presence

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8
Q

What is the most abundant photoreceptor?

A

Rods

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9
Q

The fovea centralis is highly concentrated in which type of photoreceptors?

A

Cones

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10
Q

What is the ratio between rods and cones?

A

20R:1C

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11
Q

To see an object with sharp vision we must focus the image on?

A

Fovea centralis

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12
Q

T/F: the fovea centralis only has cone photoreceptors

A

True

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13
Q

Individuals that can see objects up close but not far way have?

A

Myopia - Nearsightedness

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14
Q

Individuals who see well from afar but not up-close have?

A

Hyperopia - Farsightedness

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15
Q

If the cornea is too steep or eyes are too long the individual would have myopia or hyperopia?

A

Myopia; Nearsightedness

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16
Q

If the image is focused in front of the retina, the individual would have?

A

Myopia; Nearsightedness

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17
Q

If the image is focused in the back of the retina the individual would have?

A

Hyperopia; Farsightedness

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18
Q

What is the function of the lens?

A

To bring objects into focus

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19
Q

What is the difference between sensation and perception?

A

Sensation is how we RECEIVE information by our sensory system
Perception is our CONSCIOUS awareness of the information

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20
Q

The process of interpreting and understanding sensory information is?

A

Perception

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21
Q

The reception of stimulation from the environment and its encoding into the nervous system is?

A

Sensation

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22
Q

Visual illusions provide a great example between __________ and ____________.

A

Sensation and Perception

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23
Q

T/F: closer objects cast larger retina images

A

True

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24
Q

T/F: Farther objects cast smaller retinal images

A

True

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25
Q

If a ball is moving towards you but you are unable to determine how far it is from you, which pathway has been affected?

A

Dorsal (where) Pathway

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26
Q

If an object is in front of you that you regularly see and do not know what the object is, which pathway has been affected?

A

Ventral (what) pathway

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27
Q

What is top-down processing?

A

higher level knowledge influences lower-level processes

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28
Q

What is bottom up processing?

A

Processing is driven by the stimulus pattern, the actual incoming data

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29
Q

Which two processes interact to affect perception?

A

Data driven (bottom up) and conceptually driven (top down) processes

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29
Q

Gestalt psychology is a branch of psychology that focuses on?

A

The whole (rather than the sum of its parts)

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29
Q

Six of Gestalts principles were learned in class, what are they?

A

Figure-ground, Similarity, Proximity, Continuity, and Common Fate

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30
Q

Which Gestalt principle explains the following:

Our visual system separates an image into two components: foreground and background

A

Figure-Ground

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31
Q

Which Gestalt principle explains the following:

The perception of groups being closer together

A

Proximity

32
Q

Which Gestalt principle explains the following:

When objects or elements share superficial characteristics, we perceive them as grouped

A

Similarity

33
Q

Which Gestalt principle is the following:

The preference of complete shapes, so we automatically fill the gaps between the elements to perceive a complete image

A

Closure

34
Q

Which Gestalt principle is the following:

Objects that move together flow together therefore we perceive it as a group

A

Common Fate

35
Q

Which Gestalt principle explains the following:

Preference to see a continuous flow of visual elements rather than separated objects

A

Continuity

36
Q

Navon’s experiment is known as?

A

Global Precendence

37
Q

Which task had participants see a large letter that was made up of smaller letters, then asked to identify the large or small letters?

A

Global Precedence , Navon (1977)

38
Q

T/F: Navon’s results showed that participants identified the small letters faster than the large letters

A

False

39
Q

T/F: In Navon’s results, participants took longer to identify the local letter when it conflicted with the global letter

A

True

40
Q

What is embodied conginition?

A

Environment shapes perception

41
Q

T/F: In Profitt’s experiment regarding the estimation of a slope, participants who were wearing a heavy backpack were more accurate at estimating the slope of the hill

A

False: individuals were more likely to OVERESTIMATE the slope of a hill

42
Q

What were the results of Witt, Linkenauger, and Proffitt (2012), regarding perception and putting?

A

When the hole was surrounded by smaller objects and perceived larger – individuals performed better despite the size of the hole being the same

43
Q

Witt and Brockmole’s study (2012) showed that when individuals are holding a gun they are more likely to?

A

Perceive that others are holding a gun

44
Q

Template approach

A

Templates are stored models of ALL categorizable patterns

45
Q

When to be identified object provides an EXACT match a stored pattern, we recognize the object

A

Template Approach

46
Q

What are the flaws of the template approach

A

Impracticality: large # of templates would need to be stored

Simplicity: does not explain how we are able to identify new objects (objects at a rotation or a bird we have not seen before)

47
Q

Theory stating that we are able to see components before its parts and all objects are made up of a combination of geons

A

RBC Theory; Recognition by Components

48
Q

Which of the following best explains the ability to identify an object with a different orientation?

Template approach or RBC theory

A

RBC Theory

49
Q

What were the results of Davenport and Potter’s expirement?

A

1) Participants were more accurate at identifying objects than backgrounds

2) Participants were much more accurate at identifying background when object was consistent with background

50
Q

What were the flaws with RBC theory?

A

Strictly bottom up processing - individuals are more quickly to recognize objects in their realm, does not account for context effects

51
Q

Which type of approach is used for (basic-level) categorical distinctions?

A

Parts based approach

52
Q

Which type of approach is used for (subordinate level) categorical similarities?

A

Template based approach

53
Q

Which area of the brain is responsible for facial recognition? What lobe is it located in?

A

Fusiform face area - Right temporal lobe

54
Q

Individuals with Prosopagnosia have the inability to?

A

Remember/recognize faces

55
Q

Individuals diagnosed with prosopagnosia have shown to have different skin conductance responses to familiar faces compared to unfamiliar faces, even though they reported not recognizing any of the faces. What type of memory could explain this?

A

Implicit Memory

56
Q

What are the two steps involved in facial recognition?

A

First order relational: how parts of an object relate to one another

Second order relational: comparing first order relational information to an “average” face

57
Q

Face inversion disrupts __________ order, but not ___________ order information

A

Second, First

58
Q

Thatcher illusion is?

A

Inverting faces severely disrupts ability to recognize faces

59
Q

Faces are processed holistically or by features?

A

Holistically

60
Q

What did individuals have to identify in Tanaka and Frah - face processing study?

A

Identify specific features of a face or house (object/control)

61
Q

What were the results of Tanaka and Farah (1993) Face processing study?

A

Participants were not good at recognizing parts of a face – therefore faces are encoded/stored holistically vs objects are stored by parts

62
Q

Which hemisphere is responsible for self recognition?

A

Right Hemisphere

62
Q

Keenan et al. (1999) study on facial recognition had participants respond when the picture went from looking like them to less than looking like them by either using their left hand or right hand when responding.

What were the results of the study?

A

Left hand individuals responded more quickly because the right hemisphere is specialized in self-recognition

63
Q

T/F: People are more likely to see themselves as more attractive

A

True

64
Q

What were the results of Epley and Whitchurch (2008): Mirror, Mirror on the wall: Enhancement in Self-Recognition?

A

Individuals perceived themselves 20% more attractive than their actual appearance

65
Q

Humans can hear between ___ - _________ Hz

A

20 - 20,000

66
Q

What is place theory? (Pitch Perception)

A

Different tones excite different areas of the basilar membrane and primary auditory cortex

67
Q

The base of the basilar membrane responds best to ________ frequencies and the tip of the basilar membrane responds best to ______ frequencies

A

High - Base; Low- Tip

68
Q

What is temporal theory? (Pitch perception)

A

Neuronal rate of fire reproduces the frequency of the sound

69
Q

T/F: Hair cells in the ear regenerate

A

False

70
Q

T/F: Top down processes affect auditory stimuli as well

A

True

71
Q

What is multisensory intergration?

A

Many areas of our brain receiving input from multiple senses

72
Q

An experience in which input from one sensory system produces an experience in multiple modalities

A

Synesthesia

73
Q

I am feeling blue, red hot.

These are examples of?

A

Linguistic Synesthesia

74
Q

What is Grapheme-color synesthesia?

A

Link between colors and letters

75
Q

What is lexical-gustatory synesthesia?

A

Hearing words produce a specific taste

76
Q

What is Auditory-tactile synesthesia?

A

Sounds produce bodily sensations

77
Q

In Witthoft, Winawer, & Eagleman (2015) what did the study conclude?

(Studied individuals with grapheme-color synesthesia)

A

Colors assigned to letter are influenced by childhood toys – letter color association to some extent has been conditioned

Cognitive Psychology (9 decks)

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