CHP 5 - Memory Errors

Question 1

Forgetting to do things is which type of memory sin?

Answer 1

Absentmindedness

Question 2

The inability to retrieve information due to interference is a type of which memory sin?

Answer 2

Blocking

Question 3

What are the three sins of omission?

Answer 3

Transcience, Absentmindedness, and Blocking

Question 4

Which memory sin is known for tip of the tongue?

Answer 4

Blocking

Question 5

Which memory is known for forgetting over time?

Answer 5

Transcience

Question 6

Which psychologist discovered the sin of memory transience?

Answer 6

Hermann Von Ebbinghaus

Question 7

The forgetting curve explains which memory sin?

Answer 7

Transience

Question 8

The sins of omission primarily focus on what?

Answer 8

Failure to retrieve information, inability to take action when we should

Question 9

PTSD is an example of which memory sin?

Answer 9

Persistance

Question 10

What are three sins of comission?

Answer 10

Misattribution, Suggestibility, Bias

Question 11

The sins of commission primarily focus on what?

Answer 11

Distorted/influenced information retrieved, taking action when we should not

Question 12

Which sin of memory involves a retrospective distortion which influences acquisition of new information?

Answer 12

Bias

Question 13

This type of memory sin involves information provided by others which then gets incorporated into own memory

Answer 13

Suggestibility

Question 14

This type of memory sin involves the assigning a memory to the wrong source

Answer 14

Misattribution

Question 15

Does memory accurately record the events we experienced?

Answer 15

No, memory is a reconstructive process

Question 16

Define Schema

Answer 16

A knowledge structure that allows us to interpret and understand the world we live in

Question 17

Which individuals showed that schemas can enhance both comprehension and recall?

Answer 17

Brandford and Johnson

Question 18

Federick Bartlett concluded the memory is?

Answer 18

Reconstructive

Question 19

A stored framework or body of knowledge about some topic, making sense of situations using previously acquired knowledge

Answer 19

Schema

Question 20

Chess players use schemas as a method of ?

Answer 20

Chunking

Question 21

A paradigm used to examine false memory. Involves presenting associated words which induce false recall or recognition of non presented words.

For example tired, bed, nap.
false retrieval of word sleep.

Answer 21

DRM effect, Deese-Roedifer Mcdermott effect

Question 22

When does DRM effect increase?

Answer 22

Faster presentation rate, Auditory vs visual presentation, and Age

Question 22

DRM effect is which type of error?

Answer 22

Source monitoring error - Misattribution ; unaware of which word was actually studied vs. simply though of

Question 23

The DRM effect would increase or decrease if presentation was given visually?

Answer 23

Decrease

Question 23

DRM effect causes a spreading activation of _________ memory

Answer 23

Semantic

Question 24

Which individuals focused on how question were framed/asked and the responses of participants?

Answer 24

Loftus and Palmer

Question 25

Loftus and Palmer studies can also explain which memory sin?

Answer 25

Suggestibility

Question 26

What were the results of Loftus and Palmers expirement?

Answer 26

Participants gave a higher speed estimate when verb in question implies greater impact

Question 27

When memory is of an event is weak, it is more susceptible to?

Answer 27

Manipulation

Question 28

Can false memory have long lasting effects?

Answer 28

Yes, Geraerts study, shows individuals no longer liked certain foods when receiving false feedback on earlier childhood experiences

Question 29

Define Misinformation Effect

Answer 29

Individuals are most likely to remember misinformation rather than the originally encoded information

Question 30

Misinformation effect is an example of which memory sin?

Answer 30

Misattribution

Question 31

Can the mind be manipulated in such that outside sources can implement memories that never occured before?

Answer 31

Yes

Question 32

Who studied the phenomenon of false memory?

Answer 32

Loftus, Elizabeth

Question 33

Intentional forgetfulness of a painful or traumatic experience

Answer 33

Repression

Question 34

Type I and Type II errors have what type of relationship?

Answer 34

Inverse; as one increases the other decreases

Question 35

What error type of is worse in the justice system?

Answer 35

Type I error; innocent going to jail

Question 36

Regarding COVID, what type of error when testing was worse?

Answer 36

Type II error; Individuals testing negative when in reality they were positive

Question 37

Missing or giving a false negative is an example of which type of error?

Answer 37

Type II

Question 38

A false positive is an example of which type of error?

Answer 38

Type I

Question 39

Define Simultaneous Lineup

Answer 39

All suspects presented at the same time

Question 40

Define Sequential Lineup

Answer 40

Subjects presented at separate times; one at a time

Question 41

What are the cons and pros of sequential lineups?

Answer 41

Decreases Type I error (false alarm); Increases Type II error (missed positive)

Question 42

In sequential lineups what type of judgement strategy is used?

Answer 42

Absolute - since individuals do not know how many suspects are left

Question 43

In simultaneous lineup what type of judgement strategy is used?

Answer 43

Relative

Question 44

Why should authorities use a double blind procedure when presenting suspects?

Answer 44

To decrease suggestibility or influence

Question 45

Why are cognitive interview techniques beneficial?

Answer 45

they enhance veridical memory and decrease false memory

Question 46

What are the four cognitive interview techniques that can be used?

Answer 46

Contextual Reinstatement, Report everything, Recall from a change of perspective, recall from reverse order

Question 47

The penny experiment was conducted by which individuals?

Answer 47

Nickerson and Adams

Question 48

Nickerson's and Adams Penny experiment concluded that?

Answer 48

Information that is NOT strongly encoded into memory with attention will NOT be accurate

Question 49

Judgements of learning are inaccurate when people base their decision on _________ rather than __________ cues.

Answer 49

Extrinsic (learning conditions/ learning strategy); Intrinsic (Difficulty of the to be learned item)

Question 50

Rhodes and Castel conducted experiments that tested on?

Answer 50

Judgement of learning

Question 51

People were more or less confident of their ability to remember words when presented in a large font Which individuals conducted this experiment?

Answer 51

More confident; Rhodes & Castel

Question 52

When individuals are asked about their ability to remember words immediately after being exposed to them, their judgement of learning is inflated or accurate?

Answer 52

Inflated; participants are more confident in their ability to remember

Question 53

When individuals are asked about their ability to remember words with a delay after being exposed to them, their judgement of learning is inflated or accurate?

Answer 53

More accurate

Question 54

Which individuals showed that a delay JOL resulted in a more accurate representation of retention?

Answer 54

Nelson & Dunlosky

Question 55

In Roediger and Karpicke study, regarding JOL, which study group performed best after a week?

Answer 55

TTT; group that had to actively recall the set of words three times

Question 56

In Roediger and Karpicke study, regarding JOL, which study group performed worst after a week?

Answer 56

SSS; the group that only studied the set of words three times with no test given

Question 57

In Roediger and Karpicke study, regarding JOL, rank the confidence levels from most to least the groups had? What were the results immediately after? what were the results after a week?

Answer 57

Confidence Level: SSS > SST > TTT Results immediately after: SSS > SST > TTT Results after 1 week: TTT > SST > SSS

Question 58

In Roediger and Karpicke study, regarding JOL, they concluded that repeated study leads to overconfidence or under confidence in future memory performance?

Answer 58

Overconfidence

Question 59

Why do individuals have better memory of their life between the ages of 15-20? Known as the reminiscence bump

Answer 59

More first time events, or memorable events occur around that age

Question 60

Autobiographical memory comes with the development of?

Answer 60

Sense of self, Language development, and neurological development

Question 61

Freud believed that the inability to remember life events that occur before the age of 5 was due to?

Answer 61

Psychological repression

Question 62

What is the loss of memory or memory abilities caused by brain damage or disease?

Answer 62

Amnesia

Question 63

The loss of memory for events BEFORE a brain injury

Answer 63

Retrograde

Question 64

The disruption of memory for events occurring AFTER brain injury; inability to acquire new long term memories

Answer 64

Anterograde amnesia

Question 65

Patient H.M suffered from epilepsy and his hippocampus was removed he had severe anterograde amnesia but _____________ memory was normal

Answer 65

Procedural (Implicit)

Question 66

Word Fragment Completion tests are test on which type of memory?

Answer 66

Priming -- implicit memory

Question 67

Free recall test , test on which type of memory?

Answer 67

Episodic -- Explicit memory

Question 68

Patient H.M would test best with yes/ no recognition or word stem completion?

Answer 68

Word stem completion

Question 69

Which individuals studied the dissociations between episodic and implicit memory on amnesiacs?

Answer 69

Warrington & Weiskrantz