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Cognitive Psychology > CHP 5 - Memory Errors > Flashcards

CHP 5 - Memory Errors Flashcards

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1
Q

Forgetting to do things is which type of memory sin?

A

Absentmindedness

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2
Q

The inability to retrieve information due to interference is a type of which memory sin?

A

Blocking

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3
Q

What are the three sins of omission?

A

Transcience, Absentmindedness, and Blocking

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4
Q

Which memory sin is known for tip of the tongue?

A

Blocking

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5
Q

Which memory is known for forgetting over time?

A

Transcience

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6
Q

Which psychologist discovered the sin of memory transience?

A

Hermann Von Ebbinghaus

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7
Q

The forgetting curve explains which memory sin?

A

Transience

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8
Q

The sins of omission primarily focus on what?

A

Failure to retrieve information, inability to take action when we should

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9
Q

PTSD is an example of which memory sin?

A

Persistance

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10
Q

What are three sins of comission?

A

Misattribution, Suggestibility, Bias

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11
Q

The sins of commission primarily focus on what?

A

Distorted/influenced information retrieved, taking action when we should not

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12
Q

Which sin of memory involves a retrospective distortion which influences acquisition of new information?

A

Bias

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13
Q

This type of memory sin involves information provided by others which then gets incorporated into own memory

A

Suggestibility

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14
Q

This type of memory sin involves the assigning a memory to the wrong source

A

Misattribution

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15
Q

Does memory accurately record the events we experienced?

A

No, memory is a reconstructive process

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16
Q

Define Schema

A

A knowledge structure that allows us to interpret and understand the world we live in

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17
Q

Which individuals showed that schemas can enhance both comprehension and recall?

A

Brandford and Johnson

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18
Q

Federick Bartlett concluded the memory is?

A

Reconstructive

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19
Q

A stored framework or body of knowledge about some topic, making sense of situations using previously acquired knowledge

A

Schema

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20
Q

Chess players use schemas as a method of ?

A

Chunking

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21
Q

A paradigm used to examine false memory. Involves presenting associated words which induce false recall or recognition of non presented words.

For example tired, bed, nap.
false retrieval of word sleep.

A

DRM effect, Deese-Roedifer Mcdermott effect

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22
Q

When does DRM effect increase?

A

Faster presentation rate, Auditory vs visual presentation, and Age

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22
Q

DRM effect is which type of error?

A

Source monitoring error - Misattribution ; unaware of which word was actually studied vs. simply though of

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23
Q

The DRM effect would increase or decrease if presentation was given visually?

A

Decrease

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23
Q

DRM effect causes a spreading activation of _________ memory

A

Semantic

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24
Q

Which individuals focused on how question were framed/asked and the responses of participants?

A

Loftus and Palmer

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25
Q

Loftus and Palmer studies can also explain which memory sin?

A

Suggestibility

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26
Q

What were the results of Loftus and Palmers expirement?

A

Participants gave a higher speed estimate when verb in question implies greater impact

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27
Q

When memory is of an event is weak, it is more susceptible to?

A

Manipulation

28
Q

Can false memory have long lasting effects?

A

Yes, Geraerts study, shows individuals no longer liked certain foods when receiving false feedback on earlier childhood experiences

29
Q

Define Misinformation Effect

A

Individuals are most likely to remember misinformation rather than the originally encoded information

30
Q

Misinformation effect is an example of which memory sin?

A

Misattribution

31
Q

Can the mind be manipulated in such that outside sources can implement memories that never occured before?

A

Yes

32
Q

Who studied the phenomenon of false memory?

A

Loftus, Elizabeth

33
Q

Intentional forgetfulness of a painful or traumatic experience

A

Repression

34
Q

Type I and Type II errors have what type of relationship?

A

Inverse; as one increases the other decreases

35
Q

What error type of is worse in the justice system?

A

Type I error; innocent going to jail

36
Q

Regarding COVID, what type of error when testing was worse?

A

Type II error; Individuals testing negative when in reality they were positive

37
Q

Missing or giving a false negative is an example of which type of error?

A

Type II

38
Q

A false positive is an example of which type of error?

A

Type I

39
Q

Define Simultaneous Lineup

A

All suspects presented at the same time

40
Q

Define Sequential Lineup

A

Subjects presented at separate times; one at a time

41
Q

What are the cons and pros of sequential lineups?

A

Decreases Type I error (false alarm); Increases Type II error (missed positive)

42
Q

In sequential lineups what type of judgement strategy is used?

A

Absolute - since individuals do not know how many suspects are left

43
Q

In simultaneous lineup what type of judgement strategy is used?

A

Relative

44
Q

Why should authorities use a double blind procedure when presenting suspects?

A

To decrease suggestibility or influence

45
Q

Why are cognitive interview techniques beneficial?

A

they enhance veridical memory and decrease false memory

46
Q

What are the four cognitive interview techniques that can be used?

A

Contextual Reinstatement, Report everything, Recall from a change of perspective, recall from reverse order

47
Q

The penny experiment was conducted by which individuals?

A

Nickerson and Adams

48
Q

Nickerson’s and Adams Penny experiment concluded that?

A

Information that is NOT strongly encoded into memory with attention will NOT be accurate

49
Q

Judgements of learning are inaccurate when people base their decision on _________ rather than __________ cues.

A

Extrinsic (learning conditions/ learning strategy); Intrinsic (Difficulty of the to be learned item)

50
Q

Rhodes and Castel conducted experiments that tested on?

A

Judgement of learning

51
Q

People were more or less confident of their ability to remember words when presented in a large font

Which individuals conducted this experiment?

A

More confident; Rhodes & Castel

52
Q

When individuals are asked about their ability to remember words immediately after being exposed to them, their judgement of learning is inflated or accurate?

A

Inflated; participants are more confident in their ability to remember

53
Q

When individuals are asked about their ability to remember words with a delay after being exposed to them, their judgement of learning is inflated or accurate?

A

More accurate

54
Q

Which individuals showed that a delay JOL resulted in a more accurate representation of retention?

A

Nelson & Dunlosky

55
Q

In Roediger and Karpicke study, regarding JOL, which study group performed best after a week?

A

TTT; group that had to actively recall the set of words three times

56
Q

In Roediger and Karpicke study, regarding JOL, which study group performed worst after a week?

A

SSS; the group that only studied the set of words three times with no test given

57
Q

In Roediger and Karpicke study, regarding JOL, rank the confidence levels from most to least the groups had? What were the results immediately after? what were the results after a week?

A

Confidence Level: SSS > SST > TTT
Results immediately after: SSS > SST > TTT
Results after 1 week: TTT > SST > SSS

58
Q

In Roediger and Karpicke study, regarding JOL, they concluded that repeated study leads to overconfidence or under confidence in future memory performance?

A

Overconfidence

59
Q

Why do individuals have better memory of their life between the ages of 15-20? Known as the reminiscence bump

A

More first time events, or memorable events occur around that age

60
Q

Autobiographical memory comes with the development of?

A

Sense of self, Language development, and neurological development

61
Q

Freud believed that the inability to remember life events that occur before the age of 5 was due to?

A

Psychological repression

62
Q

What is the loss of memory or memory abilities caused by brain damage or disease?

A

Amnesia

63
Q

The loss of memory for events BEFORE a brain injury

A

Retrograde

64
Q

The disruption of memory for events occurring AFTER brain injury; inability to acquire new long term memories

A

Anterograde amnesia

65
Q

Patient H.M suffered from epilepsy and his hippocampus was removed he had severe anterograde amnesia but _____________ memory was normal

A

Procedural (Implicit)

66
Q

Word Fragment Completion tests are test on which type of memory?

A

Priming – implicit memory

67
Q

Free recall test , test on which type of memory?

A

Episodic – Explicit memory

68
Q

Patient H.M would test best with yes/ no recognition or word stem completion?

A

Word stem completion

69
Q

Which individuals studied the dissociations between episodic and implicit memory on amnesiacs?

A

Warrington & Weiskrantz

70
Q
A

Cognitive Psychology (13 decks)

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