CHP 8 - Attention Flashcards
What is selective attention?
Consciously choosing which sensory inputs to focus on and which to “turn down”
Simons and Chabris (1999) Experiment concluded that?
Attention is a limited resource
What is inattentional blindness?
Failure to notice unexpected objects that enter out direct view
T/F: Objects can be in spatial extent of attentional focus and still not be “seen”
True
T/F: Unusual events automatically capture our attention
False
Objects need to be in our _____________ set AND we must have ____________ attentional resources in order for them to be seen
Attentional; Sufficient
T/F: Hands free cell phone conversations while driving does not hurt our driving performance
False
The failure to notice drastic changes in the environment is?
Change Blindness
T/F: We are able to perform multiple tasks simultaneously
False
What is Broadbent’s early selection theory?
stimulants are filtered or selected to be attended to, at an early stage during processing
T/F: Only a limited amount of information can be processed at a time
True
In the shadow task by Cherry, what are people able to notice in the unattended ear?
Physical Characteristics of voice such as –
Tone
Male to female
T/F: In the shadow task by Cherry, people were able to notice the change in language in the unattended ear.
False
What is the limitation of Early Selection Theory?
Cocktail party phenomenon: highly relevant information is processed even if not attended to
What is the Late selection/Attenuation Thoery?
ALL incoming messages receive some low-level meaning analysis
When the unattended messages yield no useful or important information, they are ___________.
Attenuated
Which theory can explain the cocktail party phenomenon?
Late selection/ Attenuation
Individuals with a low O-span are less likely or more likely to notice their name on the unattended ear?
More likely
Individuals with a High O-span are more likely or less likely to notice their name in the unattended ear?
Less likely
There are two types of cognitive processes.
Top-down processing and bottom up processing.
These processes can also be referred to as?
Endogenous - Internal event
Exogenous - External event
What is resource theory?
Attention shifts to different thing in our environment; can occur consciously or unconsciously
Which theory best explains the ability to work on multiple tasks without costs if “pool of resources” is not depleted?
Resource Theory
What were the results of Allport, Antonis, & Reynolds study?
(heard a list of words on one ear, different groups were exposed to auditory, visual, and picture list of other words)
Individuals who listened to a list of words and saw pictures performed the best with the least amount of errors – concluding highly different resources have low interference
What were Strayer and Johnston’s findings?
(Driving and talking on the cell phone)
Individuals who spoke on the phone while driving had missed more red lights and reacted slower than those who did not.
What were Strayer and Johnson’s findings when individuals were driving with a passanger?
Some interference, performed better than those who spoke over the cell phone
What are the two stages of attention in the Feature Intergration Theory by Anne Triesman?
1) Automatic identification of Features
2) Attention/ Conscious focus and combination of features
Target has a specific feature that differs from the distractors by a single feature. What is this known as? Search would be efficient or effortful?
Disjunctive Search; Efficient
What are the four well established attributes that result in a “pop out” effect?
Color, Motion, Orientation, and Size
Disjunctive search has an efficient or effortful type of search method?
Efficient
Pop out effect can also be known as __________ search
Disjunctive
Target shares more than one feature with the distractors
Conjuctive search
Conjunctive search requires __________ and generally searches are _____________.
effort ; inefficient
T/F: During conjunctive search, the more distracters there are, the more time it takes to find the correct target
True
T/F: During disjunctive search, the more distractors there are, the more time it takes to find the correct target
False
Which studies focused on mental capacity?
Allport, Antonis, & Reynolds (1972): Multiple Pools
&
Strayer and Johnston (2001): Dual tasking method (Driving & cell phone)
Which studies focused on limited capacity?
1) Early Selection (Broadbent)
&
2) Attenuation/ Late Selection (Treisman)
The Simon effect states that interference in response is due to ____________ between response and the stimulus
Inconsistency
T/F: In the Simon Effect study, individuals responded faster when the response button of a rectangle was on the opposite side of the presented rectangle
False
Which individuals performed best in the Simon effect study?
When the presented shape was on the same side of the same response button. Due to less interference
For instance, square presentation on the same side of square response button
T/F: Children perform better in the Stroop task.
True
What was the conclusion of the Stroop Task?
Reading occurs automatically
People with ______ WMC show a reduced Stroop interference effect
Higher
In the Stroop task, rank the from best performed to least performed group.
Inconsistent, congruent, neutral
Congruent > Neutral > Inconsistent
When is Stroop interference greater?
When the inhibited response is the correct answer in the following response
For instance,
Word black in color yellow
Word green in color black
Individuals have to say the color out loud
In regard to the Tipper (1985) study, facilitation means that the response time was?
Response decreases; prime facilitates faster response
In the Tipper (1985) study, the repetition priming effect resulted in decreased or increased response latency?
Decrease response
In the Tipper (1985) study, repetition negative priming effect resulted in the decrease or increase response latency?
Increase response latency
In the Tipper (1985) study, is suppression of object label occurring or meaning?
Meaning
In the Tipper (1985) study, Rank the following trials tested from least response latency to most response latency.
Ignored repetition
Attended repetition
Attended semantic
Ignored semantic
Control
1) Attended Repetition - fastest responses
2) Attended Semantic
3) Control
4) Ignored Semantic
5) Ignored Repetition - Longest response
Occurs without intention
Automatic
The process consumes few if any resources; that is, it consumes little if any attention
Automatic processing
Occurs only with intention, with a deliberate decision
Conscious processing
The process is slow, taking more than a second or two for completion
Conscious processing
What are the two views of automaticity?
Quantitative and Qualitative
Increase speed of processing is which type of view of automaticity?
Quantitative
Change of processing strategy is which type of automaticity?
Qualitative
Logan’s (1988) Instance theory of automaticity resulted in?
Faster response time with increase of practice – less conscious effort needed due to long term memory trace being stored
(Qualitative)
Wegner et al. (1987) study with the white bear concluded that?
Individuals who were told not to think about the white bear earlier in the study thought of the white bear MORE than those who were told to think about the white bear
In Wegner et al. (1987) study, earlier mental suppression of the white bear had a ________ effect
Rebound
What is the ironic effect of mental control?
Sometimes, paying too much attention leads to errors in action – processes designed to avoid errors leads to more errors
What happens to ignored objects?
Passive decay and inhibition
Which study focused on ignored objects and seeing if the meaning or object label itself is inhibited?
Tipper (1985)
T/F: Attention is selective
True
