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Cognitive Psychology > CHP 8 - Attention > Flashcards

CHP 8 - Attention Flashcards

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1
Q

What is selective attention?

A

Consciously choosing which sensory inputs to focus on and which to “turn down”

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2
Q

Simons and Chabris (1999) Experiment concluded that?

A

Attention is a limited resource

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3
Q

What is inattentional blindness?

A

Failure to notice unexpected objects that enter out direct view

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4
Q

T/F: Objects can be in spatial extent of attentional focus and still not be “seen”

A

True

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5
Q

T/F: Unusual events automatically capture our attention

A

False

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6
Q

Objects need to be in our _____________ set AND we must have ____________ attentional resources in order for them to be seen

A

Attentional; Sufficient

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7
Q

T/F: Hands free cell phone conversations while driving does not hurt our driving performance

A

False

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8
Q

The failure to notice drastic changes in the environment is?

A

Change Blindness

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9
Q

T/F: We are able to perform multiple tasks simultaneously

A

False

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10
Q

What is Broadbent’s early selection theory?

A

stimulants are filtered or selected to be attended to, at an early stage during processing

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11
Q

T/F: Only a limited amount of information can be processed at a time

A

True

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12
Q

In the shadow task by Cherry, what are people able to notice in the unattended ear?

A

Physical Characteristics of voice such as –
Tone
Male to female

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13
Q

T/F: In the shadow task by Cherry, people were able to notice the change in language in the unattended ear.

A

False

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14
Q

What is the limitation of Early Selection Theory?

A

Cocktail party phenomenon: highly relevant information is processed even if not attended to

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15
Q

What is the Late selection/Attenuation Thoery?

A

ALL incoming messages receive some low-level meaning analysis

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16
Q

When the unattended messages yield no useful or important information, they are ___________.

A

Attenuated

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17
Q

Which theory can explain the cocktail party phenomenon?

A

Late selection/ Attenuation

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18
Q

Individuals with a low O-span are less likely or more likely to notice their name on the unattended ear?

A

More likely

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19
Q

Individuals with a High O-span are more likely or less likely to notice their name in the unattended ear?

A

Less likely

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20
Q

There are two types of cognitive processes.

Top-down processing and bottom up processing.

These processes can also be referred to as?

A

Endogenous - Internal event
Exogenous - External event

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21
Q

What is resource theory?

A

Attention shifts to different thing in our environment; can occur consciously or unconsciously

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22
Q

Which theory best explains the ability to work on multiple tasks without costs if “pool of resources” is not depleted?

A

Resource Theory

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23
Q

What were the results of Allport, Antonis, & Reynolds study?

(heard a list of words on one ear, different groups were exposed to auditory, visual, and picture list of other words)

A

Individuals who listened to a list of words and saw pictures performed the best with the least amount of errors – concluding highly different resources have low interference

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24
Q

What were Strayer and Johnston’s findings?

(Driving and talking on the cell phone)

A

Individuals who spoke on the phone while driving had missed more red lights and reacted slower than those who did not.

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25
Q

What were Strayer and Johnson’s findings when individuals were driving with a passanger?

A

Some interference, performed better than those who spoke over the cell phone

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26
Q

What are the two stages of attention in the Feature Intergration Theory by Anne Triesman?

A

1) Automatic identification of Features
2) Attention/ Conscious focus and combination of features

27
Q

Target has a specific feature that differs from the distractors by a single feature. What is this known as? Search would be efficient or effortful?

A

Disjunctive Search; Efficient

28
Q

What are the four well established attributes that result in a “pop out” effect?

A

Color, Motion, Orientation, and Size

29
Q

Disjunctive search has an efficient or effortful type of search method?

A

Efficient

30
Q

Pop out effect can also be known as __________ search

A

Disjunctive

31
Q

Target shares more than one feature with the distractors

A

Conjuctive search

32
Q

Conjunctive search requires __________ and generally searches are _____________.

A

effort ; inefficient

33
Q

T/F: During conjunctive search, the more distracters there are, the more time it takes to find the correct target

A

True

34
Q

T/F: During disjunctive search, the more distractors there are, the more time it takes to find the correct target

A

False

35
Q

Which studies focused on mental capacity?

A

Allport, Antonis, & Reynolds (1972): Multiple Pools
&
Strayer and Johnston (2001): Dual tasking method (Driving & cell phone)

36
Q

Which studies focused on limited capacity?

A

1) Early Selection (Broadbent)
&
2) Attenuation/ Late Selection (Treisman)

37
Q

The Simon effect states that interference in response is due to ____________ between response and the stimulus

A

Inconsistency

38
Q

T/F: In the Simon Effect study, individuals responded faster when the response button of a rectangle was on the opposite side of the presented rectangle

A

False

39
Q

Which individuals performed best in the Simon effect study?

A

When the presented shape was on the same side of the same response button. Due to less interference

For instance, square presentation on the same side of square response button

40
Q

T/F: Children perform better in the Stroop task.

A

True

41
Q

What was the conclusion of the Stroop Task?

A

Reading occurs automatically

42
Q

People with ______ WMC show a reduced Stroop interference effect

A

Higher

43
Q

In the Stroop task, rank the from best performed to least performed group.

Inconsistent, congruent, neutral

A

Congruent > Neutral > Inconsistent

44
Q

When is Stroop interference greater?

A

When the inhibited response is the correct answer in the following response

For instance,
Word black in color yellow
Word green in color black

Individuals have to say the color out loud

45
Q

In regard to the Tipper (1985) study, facilitation means that the response time was?

A

Response decreases; prime facilitates faster response

46
Q

In the Tipper (1985) study, the repetition priming effect resulted in decreased or increased response latency?

A

Decrease response

47
Q

In the Tipper (1985) study, repetition negative priming effect resulted in the decrease or increase response latency?

A

Increase response latency

48
Q

In the Tipper (1985) study, is suppression of object label occurring or meaning?

A

Meaning

49
Q

In the Tipper (1985) study, Rank the following trials tested from least response latency to most response latency.

Ignored repetition
Attended repetition
Attended semantic
Ignored semantic
Control

A

1) Attended Repetition - fastest responses
2) Attended Semantic
3) Control
4) Ignored Semantic
5) Ignored Repetition - Longest response

50
Q

Occurs without intention

A

Automatic

51
Q

The process consumes few if any resources; that is, it consumes little if any attention

A

Automatic processing

52
Q

Occurs only with intention, with a deliberate decision

A

Conscious processing

53
Q

The process is slow, taking more than a second or two for completion

A

Conscious processing

54
Q

What are the two views of automaticity?

A

Quantitative and Qualitative

55
Q

Increase speed of processing is which type of view of automaticity?

A

Quantitative

56
Q

Change of processing strategy is which type of automaticity?

A

Qualitative

57
Q

Logan’s (1988) Instance theory of automaticity resulted in?

A

Faster response time with increase of practice – less conscious effort needed due to long term memory trace being stored

(Qualitative)

58
Q

Wegner et al. (1987) study with the white bear concluded that?

A

Individuals who were told not to think about the white bear earlier in the study thought of the white bear MORE than those who were told to think about the white bear

59
Q

In Wegner et al. (1987) study, earlier mental suppression of the white bear had a ________ effect

A

Rebound

60
Q

What is the ironic effect of mental control?

A

Sometimes, paying too much attention leads to errors in action – processes designed to avoid errors leads to more errors

61
Q

What happens to ignored objects?

A

Passive decay and inhibition

62
Q

Which study focused on ignored objects and seeing if the meaning or object label itself is inhibited?

A

Tipper (1985)

63
Q

T/F: Attention is selective

A

True

64
Q
A

Cognitive Psychology (9 decks)

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