CHP 11 - Problem Solving

Question 1

What are the two types of problems?

Answer 1

1) Well defined problem
2) Ill defined problem

Question 2

The goal and the options for solving the problem are clearly stated from the start and once you reach the goal it is easily assessed, what type of problem is this?

Answer 2

Well-defined problem

Question 3

The goal and the options for solving the problem are not stated, and the goal is hard to assess, what type of problem is this?

Answer 3

Ill-defined problem

Question 4

A cognitive bias that limits a person using an object only in the way it is traditionally used

Answer 4

Functional Fixedness

Question 5

Why do individuals have a hard time solving the pennies problem?

Answer 5

Only thinking of solving in a two-dimensional space vs three-dimensional space

Question 6

Trial and error strategy is also known as the ______________ approach

Answer 6

Associationist

Question 7

Associationist approach is best used for _____________ problems

Answer 7

Simple

Question 8

Reorganizing mental representation of problem is which type of problem solving approach?

Answer 8

Gestalt approach

Question 9

What are the three processes of insight strategy? (thinking outside the box)

Answer 9

1) Selective encoding
2) Selective combination
3) Selective comparison

Question 10

Insight problems are ill defined or well defined?

Answer 10

Ill-defined

Question 11

T/F: Forgetting previous attempts may facilitate problem solving

Answer 11

True

Question 12

What were Vul and Pashler’s (2007) results regarding the RAT task?

Answer 12

Incubation effect only benefited individuals for the misleading associations

Question 13

T/F: People are good at predicting when how close they are to solving insight problems

Answer 13

False

Question 14

What did Metcalfe’s and Wiebe’s (1987) study focus on?

Answer 14

Solving insight problems and individuals JOL to closeness of solving insight problems compared to well-defined problems

Question 15

T/F: When people develop a routine way of solving problems, they are more likely to develop negative sets

Answer 15

True

Question 16

What is mental set bias?

Answer 16

One’s tendency to solve problems a particular way, even when there is a different, simpler approach that is more productive

Question 17

An informal method or guideline – mental shortcut

Answer 17

Heuristic (Automatic; System 1)

Question 18

A rule or procedure that is guaranteed to provide the correct answer if it is done correctly

Answer 18

Algorithm (Systematic; System 2)

Question 19

What are the three types of heuristic strategies to solving a problem?

Answer 19

1) Means end: comparing current state to end goal

2) Hill climbing: each move represents closest move to the goal state

3) Working backward: Focus on the goal state and work backwards to the initial state

Question 20

Conforming to rules ____________ creativitiy

Answer 20

Stymies/Hinders

Question 21

Do creative people have better ideas when solving problems?

Answer 21

No, they have more ideas and more likely to follow up their ideas

Question 22

_________ hemisphere = creativitiy
__________ hemisphere = rational/logical thinking

Answer 22

Right - creativity
Left - Logical thinking