CHP 3 - Memory Structures and Processes

Question 1

What are the three ways we are able to receive information? (encoding)

Answer 1

Visually, Acoustically, and Semantic

Question 2

How do we process information?

Answer 2

Encode, Storage, Retrieval

Question 3

The process of recalling information from memory for use

Answer 3

Retrieval

Question 4

Process of where the information or knowledge is saved & maintaining the information in memory over time

Answer 4

Storage

Question 5

Process of how information is received

Answer 5

Encoding

Question 6

Retrieval of information from memory without a cue

Answer 6

Free Recall

Question 7

Retrieval of information from memory with a cue

Answer 7

Recognition

Question 8

Retrieval of information from memory in the order it was learned

Answer 8

Serial Recall

Question 9

Visual sensory memory has a duration of? (decay)

Answer 9

500ms

Question 10

Visual sensory memory has a limited capacity or unlimited capacity?

Answer 10

Unlimited Capacity

Question 11

What was Sperling conclusion on ionic memory?

Answer 11

Visual sensory memory is unlimited in capacity we are unable to remember/report information due to decay.

Question 12

Echoic / Acoustic memory has a duration of?

Answer 12

5 seconds

Question 13

What is information held in immediate conscious awereness?

Answer 13

Short Term Memory

Question 14

What is the estimated duration of short term memory without rehearsal?

Answer 14

15 seconds

Question 15

George miller concluded that a limited amount of information can be held at once… what is the limited amount?

Answer 15

7 + or - 2 CHUNKS

Question 16

The inability to remember old information due to new information causing interference

Answer 16

Retroactive interference

Question 17

What experimental study test duration of short-term memory?

Answer 17

Brown-Peterson Task – subjects were asked to remember trigram and also count backwards by three from number given

Question 17

The inability to recall newly learned information due to interference of old information

Answer 17

Proactive Interference

Question 18

What were the results of Brown-Peterson task?

Answer 18

The probability of recalling trigram decreases as the amount of delay increases

Question 19

In the experimental study proactive interference: build up and release. When do we see the most release of proactive interference?

Answer 19

When there is no semantic relatedness. Given words are unrelated to first set of words

Question 20

Release from PI is due to encoding or retrieval?

Answer 20

Retrieval

Question 21

Who proved that interference can be reduced due to change of materials?

Answer 21

Wickens, Born, & Allen

Question 22

Memory in which allows us the ability to manipulate and update information in conscious awareness

Answer 22

Working Memory

Question 23

What is the most common technique used to measure working memory capicity?

Answer 23

Operation span

Question 24

What are the operation span task processes?

Answer 24

Dual task: simultaneous processing and storage
Switching: between math/memory tasks

Question 25

Who acknowledged the decrease in accuracy in the Brown-Peterson Task as amount of trials increased? What did they concluded?

Answer 25

Keppel & Underwood; Proactive interference causes forgetting from STM

Question 26

Which type of memory assesses ability to remember information stored in immediately memory serially?

Answer 26

Short Term Memory

Question 27

Which type of memory is the ability to manipulate and update information in conscious awareness?

Answer 27

Working Memory

Question 28

Which component of working memory model deals stores and processes information in a visual or spatial form? (also used for navigation)

Answer 28

Visuospatial Sketchpad

Question 29

Who conducted an experimental study that focused on the component of visuospatial sketchpad memory in which having random block pattern in the background hurt memory if participants had to learn words by forming a mental image?

Answer 29

Quinn and Mcconnel

Question 30

Individuals with high working memory are likely or less likely to be distracted by the task at hand?

Answer 30

Less likely to be distracted

Question 31

Which experiment study was conducted to test the correlation between working memory and distractibility/ mind wandering?

Answer 31

Dichotic listening task: Listen to message on one ear and ignore other ear. Those who acknowledged their name had lower working memory and those who did not acknowledge their name had higher working memory

Question 32

What are the two subcomponents of phonological loop?

Answer 32

Phonological buffer & Articulatory Loop

Question 33

What is the function of the articulatory loop?

Answer 33

allows us to repeat verbal information in a loop

Question 34

What is the function of Phonological buffer?

Answer 34

processes speech perception and stores spoken words we hear for 1-2 seconds/ passive storage of information

Question 35

Articulatory suppression effect is?

Answer 35

difficult to remember to be remembered information if asked to simultaneously engage in an oral task – inability to activate articulatory loop due to engaging in oral task

Question 36

What is the phonological similarity effect?

Answer 36

more difficult to recall similarity sounding items

Question 37

Fluid intelligence, development of expertise, reading and listening comprehension, note taking are correlations to high or low WMC?

Answer 37

High