CHP 3 - Memory Structures and Processes Flashcards
Includes how we process information, and the types of memory test conducted to have a better understanding of different types of memory -- visual, hearing, STM, SWM lasts.
What are the three ways we are able to receive information? (encoding)
Visually, Acoustically, and Semantic
How do we process information?
Encode, Storage, Retrieval
The process of recalling information from memory for use
Retrieval
Process of where the information or knowledge is saved & maintaining the information in memory over time
Storage
Process of how information is received
Encoding
Retrieval of information from memory without a cue
Free Recall
Retrieval of information from memory with a cue
Recognition
Retrieval of information from memory in the order it was learned
Serial Recall
Visual sensory memory has a duration of? (decay)
500ms
Visual sensory memory has a limited capacity or unlimited capacity?
Unlimited Capacity
What was Sperling conclusion on ionic memory?
Visual sensory memory is unlimited in capacity we are unable to remember/report information due to decay.
Echoic / Acoustic memory has a duration of?
5 seconds
What is information held in immediate conscious awereness?
Short Term Memory
What is the estimated duration of short term memory without rehearsal?
15 seconds
George miller concluded that a limited amount of information can be held at once… what is the limited amount?
7 + or - 2 CHUNKS
The inability to remember old information due to new information causing interference
Retroactive interference
What experimental study test duration of short-term memory?
Brown-Peterson Task – subjects were asked to remember trigram and also count backwards by three from number given
The inability to recall newly learned information due to interference of old information
Proactive Interference
What were the results of Brown-Peterson task?
The probability of recalling trigram decreases as the amount of delay increases
In the experimental study proactive interference: build up and release. When do we see the most release of proactive interference?
When there is no semantic relatedness. Given words are unrelated to first set of words
Release from PI is due to encoding or retrieval?
Retrieval
Who proved that interference can be reduced due to change of materials?
Wickens, Born, & Allen
Memory in which allows us the ability to manipulate and update information in conscious awareness
Working Memory
What is the most common technique used to measure working memory capicity?
Operation span
What are the operation span task processes?
Dual task: simultaneous processing and storage
Switching: between math/memory tasks
Who acknowledged the decrease in accuracy in the Brown-Peterson Task as amount of trials increased? What did they concluded?
Keppel & Underwood; Proactive interference causes forgetting from STM
Which type of memory assesses ability to remember information stored in immediately memory serially?
Short Term Memory
Which type of memory is the ability to manipulate and update information in conscious awareness?
Working Memory
Which component of working memory model deals stores and processes information in a visual or spatial form? (also used for navigation)
Visuospatial Sketchpad
Who conducted an experimental study that focused on the component of visuospatial sketchpad memory in which having random block pattern in the background hurt memory if participants had to learn words by forming a mental image?
Quinn and Mcconnel
Individuals with high working memory are likely or less likely to be distracted by the task at hand?
Less likely to be distracted
Which experiment study was conducted to test the correlation between working memory and distractibility/ mind wandering?
Dichotic listening task: Listen to message on one ear and ignore other ear. Those who acknowledged their name had lower working memory and those who did not acknowledge their name had higher working memory
What are the two subcomponents of phonological loop?
Phonological buffer & Articulatory Loop
What is the function of the articulatory loop?
allows us to repeat verbal information in a loop
What is the function of Phonological buffer?
processes speech perception and stores spoken words we hear for 1-2 seconds/ passive storage of information
Articulatory suppression effect is?
difficult to remember to be remembered information if asked to simultaneously engage in an oral task – inability to activate articulatory loop due to engaging in oral task
What is the phonological similarity effect?
more difficult to recall similarity sounding items
Fluid intelligence, development of expertise, reading and listening comprehension, note taking are correlations to high or low WMC?
High
