CHP 2 - Cognitive Neuroscience

Question 1

What is the metabolic center of the neuron?

Answer 1

Soma

Question 2

What are the Nodes of Ranvier? What is its function?

Answer 2

gaps/ breaks of myelin sheath on the axon of a neuron. Fx is to increase the speed of the action potential

Question 3

What are the ends of the neuron called?

Answer 3

Terminal buttons

Question 4

What is the all or none principle?

Answer 4

For an action potential to occur, the cell membrane MUST meet the REQUIRED voltage threshold; no action potential will occur if the membrane does not meet this voltage threshold

Question 5

What is the function of glial cells?

Answer 5

To support surrounding neurons by giving them protection, insulation, and removing waste

Question 6

Which type of glial cell is most abundant and increases reliability of neural transmissions?

Answer 6

Astrocytes

Question 7

Which type of glial cells produces myelin sheaths in the CNS?

Answer 7

Oligodendrocytes

Question 8

True or False: an agonist decreases neurotransmitter activity

Answer 8

False

Question 9

Opioids mimic endorphins therefore is it an antagonist or an agonist?

Answer 9

Agonist

Question 10

Antipsychotics block dopamine from receptors, this is an example of an antagonist or an agonist?

Answer 10

Antagonist

Question 11

Alcohol and Xanax stimulate ________ receptors making them an agonist

Answer 11

GABA

Question 12

Prozac and Paxil block the reuptake of which neurotransmitter?

Answer 12

Serotonin

Question 13

A stronger stimulus will result in an increase or decrease of rate of fire?

Answer 13

Increase

Question 14

Which area of the brain was damaged in Phineas Gage? What did this cause?

Answer 14

Prefrontal cortex; his personality changed and became more impulsive

Question 15

Which lobe of the brain contains Broca’s area? What is the function of this area?

Answer 15

Frontal lobe; speech production

Question 16

Which lobe of the brain contains the motor cortex? Which lobe of the brain contains the sensory cortex?

Answer 16

Frontal - Motor cortex
Parietal - Sensory Cortex

Question 17

Which groove separates the motor cortex and the sensory cortex?

Answer 17

Central Sulcus

Question 18

The limbic system is composed of which brain structures?

Answer 18

Thalamus, Hypothalamus, Amygdala, Hippocampus

Question 19

Which groove separates the frontal lobe and the temporal lobe?

Answer 19

Lateral Sulcus

Question 20

Which region of the brain is responsible for the connection and communication between both hemispheres?

Answer 20

Corpus Callosum

Question 21

Which region of the brain receives data about sensation on the skin, muscles, and joints?

Answer 21

Sensory Cortex

Question 22

Somatosensory Cortex is the combination of?

Answer 22

Motor Cortex - Soma
Sensory Cortex - Sensory

Question 23

Which lobe contains the auditory cortex?

Answer 23

Temporal

Question 24

Which area is responsible for the comprehension of spoken and written speech? Which lobe is this area located in?

Answer 24

Wernick’s area; temporal lobe

Question 25

Which structure in the brain connects the endocrine system and the nervous system?

Answer 25

Hypothalamus

Question 26

Which structure in the brain relays information/ sorts information to the neocortex?

Answer 26

Thalamus

Question 27

Which region of the brain is responsible for memory consolidation and spatial memory?

Answer 27

Hippocampus

Question 28

Which region of the brain is responsible for circadian rhythm?

Answer 28

Hypothalamus

Question 29

Which structure of the CNS is abundant with neurons?

Answer 29

Cerebellum

Question 30

Which structure of the CNS is responsible for vital involuntary processes? Give examples of these processes

Answer 30

Brain Stem; breathing, coughing, sneezing, vomiting

Question 31

Damage to the dorsal pathway effects the where or what system?

Answer 31

Where; Depth and Motion

Question 32

Damage to the ventral pathway effects the where or what sytem?

Answer 32

What; Object, Face, Color

Question 33

Spatial imprecision would indicate that an individual has damage on which pathway? Dorsal or Ventral?

Answer 33

Dorsal

Question 34

Which region of the CNS is responsible for regulating body control and balance?

Answer 34

Cerebellum

Question 35

Which hemisphere is responsible for verbal processes?

Answer 35

Left hemisphere

Question 36

Split brain patient has been asked to read the word that they are only able to see with their right eye. Will they be able to say the word out loud? Why or why not?

Answer 36

The patient will be able to say the word out loud because the left hemisphere is responsible for analysis and verbal processes.

Question 37

Define ipsilateral

Answer 37

Connection received on one side of the body sent to the hemisphere on the same side of the body

Question 38

Define Contralateral

Answer 38

Connection received on one side of the body sent to the opposite side hemisphere

Question 39

Which hemisphere is dominant for non-verbal, spatial information, and creativity

Answer 39

Right Hemisphere

Question 40

Split brain patient sees a word with only his left eye. Is he able to write the word? if so which hand needs to be used?

Answer 40

Yes must use left hand since the right hemisphere is responsible for the movement of the left side of the body.

Question 41

Which device measures changes in blood flow?

Answer 41

fMRI

Question 42

fMRI has high spatial resolution or temporal resolution? explain

Answer 42

High spatial resolution because it is able to measure areas that are high oxygenated = active area vs deoxygenated

Question 43

Positron Emission Tomography (PET) similar to _______ but uses ___________ dye

Answer 43

fMRI ; radioactive dye

Question 44

fMRI has a low temporal resolution because screening of images is every?

Answer 44

2 - 3 seconds

Question 45

Which instrument is used to record patterns of brain waves? this instrument is also able to measure event related potentials

Answer 45

EEG - electroencephalograms

Question 46

Which device or instrument can be used for sleep research?

Answer 46

EEG - electroencephalograms

Question 47

An event related potential causes what?

Answer 47

Momentary changes in electrical impulses when a particular stimulus is presented

Question 48

N400 is an event related potential; What is the particular stimulus that causes this change in electrical activity?

Answer 48

Semantic processing of anomalous information; random word that does not fit with the sentence

Question 49

P600 is an event related potential; What is the particular stimulus that causes this change in electrical activity?

Answer 49

Syntactic error; incorrect grammar

Question 50

Which type of neuron is essential for imitation and learning?

Answer 50

Mirror Neuron

Question 51

What type of brain cell is activated both when performing an action and when observing another individual performing the same action?

Answer 51

Mirror Neuron

Question 52

Which individuals proved that neuroscientific information (fictious study) has the potential to unduly influence decision making?

Answer 52

McCabe & Castel

Question 52

In McCabe and Castles' experiment what type of studies were judged more favorably than the control articles?

Answer 52

Studies with brain imaging or bar graphs -- visual clue that can be better comprehended

Question 53

What instrument uses magnetic fields to disrupt or stimulate a particular area of the brain?

Answer 53

TMS - Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

Question 54

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation has high or low spatial validity?

Answer 54

Low

Question 55

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation has high or low temporal (timing) validity?

Answer 55

High

Question 56

What are the limitations of fMRI?

Answer 56

Validity: multiple individuals can interpret same image differently & Reliability