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Cognitive Psychology > CHP 2 - Cognitive Neuroscience > Flashcards

CHP 2 - Cognitive Neuroscience Flashcards

Basic information over neuroscience and brain structures and their functions in the human body

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1
Q

What is the metabolic center of the neuron?

A

Soma

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2
Q

What are the Nodes of Ranvier? What is its function?

A

gaps/ breaks of myelin sheath on the axon of a neuron. Fx is to increase the speed of the action potential

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3
Q

What are the ends of the neuron called?

A

Terminal buttons

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4
Q

What is the all or none principle?

A

For an action potential to occur, the cell membrane MUST meet the REQUIRED voltage threshold; no action potential will occur if the membrane does not meet this voltage threshold

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5
Q

What is the function of glial cells?

A

To support surrounding neurons by giving them protection, insulation, and removing waste

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6
Q

Which type of glial cell is most abundant and increases reliability of neural transmissions?

A

Astrocytes

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7
Q

Which type of glial cells produces myelin sheaths in the CNS?

A

Oligodendrocytes

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8
Q

True or False: an agonist decreases neurotransmitter activity

A

False

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9
Q

Opioids mimic endorphins therefore is it an antagonist or an agonist?

A

Agonist

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10
Q

Antipsychotics block dopamine from receptors, this is an example of an antagonist or an agonist?

A

Antagonist

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11
Q

Alcohol and Xanax stimulate ________ receptors making them an agonist

A

GABA

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12
Q

Prozac and Paxil block the reuptake of which neurotransmitter?

A

Serotonin

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13
Q

A stronger stimulus will result in an increase or decrease of rate of fire?

A

Increase

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14
Q

Which area of the brain was damaged in Phineas Gage? What did this cause?

A

Prefrontal cortex; his personality changed and became more impulsive

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15
Q

Which lobe of the brain contains Broca’s area? What is the function of this area?

A

Frontal lobe; speech production

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16
Q

Which lobe of the brain contains the motor cortex? Which lobe of the brain contains the sensory cortex?

A

Frontal - Motor cortex
Parietal - Sensory Cortex

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17
Q

Which groove separates the motor cortex and the sensory cortex?

A

Central Sulcus

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18
Q

The limbic system is composed of which brain structures?

A

Thalamus, Hypothalamus, Amygdala, Hippocampus

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19
Q

Which groove separates the frontal lobe and the temporal lobe?

A

Lateral Sulcus

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20
Q

Which region of the brain is responsible for the connection and communication between both hemispheres?

A

Corpus Callosum

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21
Q

Which region of the brain receives data about sensation on the skin, muscles, and joints?

A

Sensory Cortex

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22
Q

Somatosensory Cortex is the combination of?

A

Motor Cortex - Soma
Sensory Cortex - Sensory

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23
Q

Which lobe contains the auditory cortex?

A

Temporal

24
Q

Which area is responsible for the comprehension of spoken and written speech? Which lobe is this area located in?

A

Wernick’s area; temporal lobe

25
Q

Which structure in the brain connects the endocrine system and the nervous system?

A

Hypothalamus

26
Q

Which structure in the brain relays information/ sorts information to the neocortex?

A

Thalamus

27
Q

Which region of the brain is responsible for memory consolidation and spatial memory?

A

Hippocampus

28
Q

Which region of the brain is responsible for circadian rhythm?

A

Hypothalamus

29
Q

Which structure of the CNS is abundant with neurons?

A

Cerebellum

30
Q

Which structure of the CNS is responsible for vital involuntary processes? Give examples of these processes

A

Brain Stem; breathing, coughing, sneezing, vomiting

31
Q

Damage to the dorsal pathway effects the where or what system?

A

Where; Depth and Motion

32
Q

Damage to the ventral pathway effects the where or what sytem?

A

What; Object, Face, Color

33
Q

Spatial imprecision would indicate that an individual has damage on which pathway? Dorsal or Ventral?

A

Dorsal

34
Q

Which region of the CNS is responsible for regulating body control and balance?

A

Cerebellum

35
Q

Which hemisphere is responsible for verbal processes?

A

Left hemisphere

36
Q

Split brain patient has been asked to read the word that they are only able to see with their right eye. Will they be able to say the word out loud? Why or why not?

A

The patient will be able to say the word out loud because the left hemisphere is responsible for analysis and verbal processes.

37
Q

Define ipsilateral

A

Connection received on one side of the body sent to the hemisphere on the same side of the body

38
Q

Define Contralateral

A

Connection received on one side of the body sent to the opposite side hemisphere

39
Q

Which hemisphere is dominant for non-verbal, spatial information, and creativity

A

Right Hemisphere

40
Q

Split brain patient sees a word with only his left eye. Is he able to write the word? if so which hand needs to be used?

A

Yes must use left hand since the right hemisphere is responsible for the movement of the left side of the body.

41
Q

Which device measures changes in blood flow?

A

fMRI

42
Q

fMRI has high spatial resolution or temporal resolution? explain

A

High spatial resolution because it is able to measure areas that are high oxygenated = active area vs deoxygenated

43
Q

Positron Emission Tomography (PET) similar to _______ but uses ___________ dye

A

fMRI ; radioactive dye

44
Q

fMRI has a low temporal resolution because screening of images is every?

A

2 - 3 seconds

45
Q

Which instrument is used to record patterns of brain waves? this instrument is also able to measure event related potentials

A

EEG - electroencephalograms

46
Q

Which device or instrument can be used for sleep research?

A

EEG - electroencephalograms

47
Q

An event related potential causes what?

A

Momentary changes in electrical impulses when a particular stimulus is presented

48
Q

N400 is an event related potential; What is the particular stimulus that causes this change in electrical activity?

A

Semantic processing of anomalous information; random word that does not fit with the sentence

49
Q

P600 is an event related potential; What is the particular stimulus that causes this change in electrical activity?

A

Syntactic error; incorrect grammar

50
Q

Which type of neuron is essential for imitation and learning?

A

Mirror Neuron

51
Q

What type of brain cell is activated both when performing an action and when observing another individual performing the same action?

A

Mirror Neuron

52
Q

Which individuals proved that neuroscientific information (fictious study) has the potential to unduly influence decision making?

A

McCabe & Castel

52
Q

In McCabe and Castles’ experiment what type of studies were judged more favorably than the control articles?

A

Studies with brain imaging or bar graphs – visual clue that can be better comprehended

53
Q

What instrument uses magnetic fields to disrupt or stimulate a particular area of the brain?

A

TMS - Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

54
Q

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation has high or low spatial validity?

A

Low

55
Q

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation has high or low temporal (timing) validity?

A

High

56
Q

What are the limitations of fMRI?

A

Validity: multiple individuals can interpret same image differently
&
Reliability

Cognitive Psychology (13 decks)

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