CHP 10 - Concept Knowledge Flashcards
Which categorization view has clear defined structures, properties, and interrelationships of the “real” world.
Classical View
Which categorization explains when an object belongs to a category based if it has necessary and sufficient features
Classic View
Graded membership is?
categories or concepts have varying degrees of membership
Ex: football is considered more of a sport compared to volleyball
Typicality effect
Typical items are more easily judged as members of a category than atypical items
We faster categorize common members of a category than less common ones
Which process is used to measure typicality of an object?
Comparision process
What is the first stage of the feature comparison process?
Global feature comparison
What is the second stage of the feature comparison process?
Comparison of defining features
What are the two branches of probabilistic theories?
Exemplar view and Protype view
Out of the two views from the probabilistic theory which one do we actually use?
Exemplar View
Which theory/view explains category decisions made based on an idealized average?
Prototype theory/view
What were the results of Posner, Goldsmith, and Welton (1967) regarding prototype view?
Prototype was recognize as being studied although it was not, studied items were forgotten more easily
Which theory explains that category decisions are made based on all of the exemplars store in semantic memory?
Exemplar Theory
Which categorization explanation based theory explains categories being constructed spontaneously to achieve goals relevant in the current situation?
Ad Hoc Categories/Goal-driven concepts
The following is an example of which explanation based theory?
A list of things to pack for vacation
Goal-driven concepts / Ad Hoc Categories
Which explanation based theory explains the idea that people tend to believe that certain categories, such as animals, plants, or social groups, have an underlying essence that makes them what they are?
Psychological Essentialism
Which explanation based theory explains why people might think that all dogs share some “dog-ness” that makes them bark, wag their tails, and be loyal?
Psychological Essentialism
What are the three levels of categorization?
Superordinate, Basic, Subordinate
Which category level is the most general level?
Superordinate
Which categorization level is the most specific form of classification?
Subordinate
Which level of categorization gives us the most information and our default level – neither to specific or too general?
Basic
An individual with greater knowledge over a subject would have a basic level that would be equivalent to which level of an individual who has little knowledge over the same subject?
Subordinate
Collins, Quilian & Loftus (1975) had three fragments that made up the stored network of semantic memory, what are they?
1) Network
2) Node
3) Pathways
Which fragments explains why people take longer to retrieve certain information?
Pathways, the longer a distance (pathway) is away from one node to another node explains the length it takes us to retrieve the item
Which fragment of semantic memory is the interrelated set of concepts?
Network
Which fragment of semantic memory is a point or location in the semantic space?
Node
Which fragment of semantic memory explains labeled, directional associations between concepts?
Pathways
What were the results of Collin’s and Quillian’s semantic memory network approach?
1) the farther the concept is from the activated concept, the longer the verification process
2) Categories activated before features
Which feature comparison model explains simple, one element characteristics or properties of a concept?
Feature List
Which feature comparison model explains a property or feature that is essential to the meaning of a concept (applies to all object in category)
Defining Feature
Which feature comparison model explains features and properties that are common but are not essential to the meaning of a concept?
Characteristic Features
The following is an example of which feature comparison model?
Some birds can fly
Characteristic Feature
The following is an example of which feature comparison model?
All birds have feathers
Defining Feature
Which lobe is responsible for storing semantic memory?
Temporal Lobe
What were the results of Probric et al. TMS stimulation study?
1) stimulation to the ATL (located in the temporal lobe) led to slowed naming across ALL concepts
2) stimulation to the IPS (located in the parietal lobe) led to slowed naming on HIGHLY manipulated objects, but NOT those with low manipulability
Why is that only highly manipulated objects were effected when TMS stimulation occurred in the IPL (parietal lobe) – Probic et al. (2010) ?
Parietal lobe contains the somatosensory cortex – important for sensation and initiating movement
Cognition processes influenced by how we interact with the world
Embodied cognition
What were Pecher, Zeelenberg, and Barsalou (2003) results regarding embodied cognition and semantics?
Participants are quicker to verify statements using same modality as the previous trial
In Pecher, Zeelenberg, and Barsalou (2013), out of the two examples who would respond faster?
1) LEAVES-rustling vs BLENDER-loud
2) LEAVES-rustling vs CRANBERRIES-tart
Option 1 - same modality being activated (auditory), congruent with one another
