CHP 10 - Concept Knowledge

Question 1

Which categorization view has clear defined structures, properties, and interrelationships of the “real” world.

Answer 1

Classical View

Question 2

Which categorization explains when an object belongs to a category based if it has necessary and sufficient features

Answer 2

Classic View

Question 3

Graded membership is?

Answer 3

categories or concepts have varying degrees of membership

Ex: football is considered more of a sport compared to volleyball

Question 4

Typicality effect

Answer 4

Typical items are more easily judged as members of a category than atypical items

We faster categorize common members of a category than less common ones

Question 5

Which process is used to measure typicality of an object?

Answer 5

Comparision process

Question 6

What is the first stage of the feature comparison process?

Answer 6

Global feature comparison

Question 7

What is the second stage of the feature comparison process?

Answer 7

Comparison of defining features

Question 8

What are the two branches of probabilistic theories?

Answer 8

Exemplar view and Protype view

Question 9

Out of the two views from the probabilistic theory which one do we actually use?

Answer 9

Exemplar View

Question 10

Which theory/view explains category decisions made based on an idealized average?

Answer 10

Prototype theory/view

Question 11

What were the results of Posner, Goldsmith, and Welton (1967) regarding prototype view?

Answer 11

Prototype was recognize as being studied although it was not, studied items were forgotten more easily

Question 12

Which theory explains that category decisions are made based on all of the exemplars store in semantic memory?

Answer 12

Exemplar Theory

Question 13

Which categorization explanation based theory explains categories being constructed spontaneously to achieve goals relevant in the current situation?

Answer 13

Ad Hoc Categories/Goal-driven concepts

Question 14

The following is an example of which explanation based theory?

A list of things to pack for vacation

Answer 14

Goal-driven concepts / Ad Hoc Categories

Question 15

Which explanation based theory explains the idea that people tend to believe that certain categories, such as animals, plants, or social groups, have an underlying essence that makes them what they are?

Answer 15

Psychological Essentialism

Question 16

Which explanation based theory explains why people might think that all dogs share some “dog-ness” that makes them bark, wag their tails, and be loyal?

Answer 16

Psychological Essentialism

Question 17

What are the three levels of categorization?

Answer 17

Superordinate, Basic, Subordinate

Question 18

Which category level is the most general level?

Answer 18

Superordinate

Question 19

Which categorization level is the most specific form of classification?

Answer 19

Subordinate

Question 20

Which level of categorization gives us the most information and our default level – neither to specific or too general?

Answer 20

Basic

Question 21

An individual with greater knowledge over a subject would have a basic level that would be equivalent to which level of an individual who has little knowledge over the same subject?

Answer 21

Subordinate

Question 22

Collins, Quilian & Loftus (1975) had three fragments that made up the stored network of semantic memory, what are they?

Answer 22

1) Network
2) Node
3) Pathways

Question 23

Which fragments explains why people take longer to retrieve certain information?

Answer 23

Pathways, the longer a distance (pathway) is away from one node to another node explains the length it takes us to retrieve the item

Question 24

Which fragment of semantic memory is the interrelated set of concepts?

Answer 24

Network

Question 25

Which fragment of semantic memory is a point or location in the semantic space?

Answer 25

Node

Question 26

Which fragment of semantic memory explains labeled, directional associations between concepts?

Answer 26

Pathways

Question 27

What were the results of Collin’s and Quillian’s semantic memory network approach?

Answer 27

1) the farther the concept is from the activated concept, the longer the verification process
2) Categories activated before features

Question 28

Which feature comparison model explains simple, one element characteristics or properties of a concept?

Answer 28

Feature List

Question 29

Which feature comparison model explains a property or feature that is essential to the meaning of a concept (applies to all object in category)

Answer 29

Defining Feature

Question 30

Which feature comparison model explains features and properties that are common but are not essential to the meaning of a concept?

Answer 30

Characteristic Features

Question 31

The following is an example of which feature comparison model?

Some birds can fly

Answer 31

Characteristic Feature

Question 32

The following is an example of which feature comparison model?

All birds have feathers

Answer 32

Defining Feature

Question 33

Which lobe is responsible for storing semantic memory?

Answer 33

Temporal Lobe

Question 34

What were the results of Probric et al. TMS stimulation study?

Answer 34

1) stimulation to the ATL (located in the temporal lobe) led to slowed naming across ALL concepts

2) stimulation to the IPS (located in the parietal lobe) led to slowed naming on HIGHLY manipulated objects, but NOT those with low manipulability

Question 35

Why is that only highly manipulated objects were effected when TMS stimulation occurred in the IPL (parietal lobe) – Probic et al. (2010) ?

Answer 35

Parietal lobe contains the somatosensory cortex – important for sensation and initiating movement

Question 36

Cognition processes influenced by how we interact with the world

Answer 36

Embodied cognition

Question 37

What were Pecher, Zeelenberg, and Barsalou (2003) results regarding embodied cognition and semantics?

Answer 37

Participants are quicker to verify statements using same modality as the previous trial

Question 38

In Pecher, Zeelenberg, and Barsalou (2013), out of the two examples who would respond faster?

1) LEAVES-rustling vs BLENDER-loud

2) LEAVES-rustling vs CRANBERRIES-tart

Answer 38

Option 1 - same modality being activated (auditory), congruent with one another