Chp 9 Learning and Decision making Flashcards
What is Learning?
Reflects relatively permanent changes in an employee’s knowledge or skill that result from experience.
What is Decision making?
Refers to the process of generating and choosing from a set of alternatives to solve a problem.
What type of knowledge is this “Knowledge that is easily communicated and available to everyone”
Explicit Knowledge!
What type of knowledge is this “What employees can typically lean only through experience”
Tacit Knowledge. MIS Bro
What are some example of Explicit knowledge and Tacit?
Explicit:
- Available
- Learned through books
- Conscious and accessible
- General info
-Easily transferred (Written/Verbal)
Tacit:
- Difficult to explain
- highly personal in nature
- experience
- don’t recognize you have it
- typically job or situation specific
What are the 3 ways we learn?
Reinforcement
Observation
Experience
Tell me the 3 operant conditioning components.
Antecedent (signal certain behaviour)
Behaviour (Action)
Consequences (Result that occur after behaviour)
(Goals, rules, instructions, or other types of information that help show employees what is expected of them.) These are example of what component of the operant condition?
Antecedents
Two contingencies to increase desired behaviours
Postive reinforcement
Negative reinforcement
Define Positive reinforcement?
Occurs when a positive outcome follows a desired behaviour.
Example of Positive reinforcement?
Increased pay
Promotions
Praise from a manager/co-workers
Public recognition
Positive reinforcement to be successful, employees need to see a?
Direct link between their behaviours and desired outcomes
Define Negative reinforcement
Occurs when an
unwanted outcome is removed following a desired behaviour.
(You eat so you don’t get yelled at)
“If your manager removes these responsibilities specifically because you perform well at another aspect of your job” What typeof reinforcement is this?
Negative reinforcement
What 2 contingencies of reinforcement are designed to decrease undesired behaviours.
Punishment
Extinction
Define Punishment
Occurs when an unwanted outcome follows an unwanted behaviour.
List 3 example of punishment
- Suspending an employee for showing up to work late
- Assigning job tasks generally seen as demeaning for not following safety procedures
- Firing
Define Extinction
Occurs when there is the removal of a positive consequence following an unwanted behaviour.
Example of Extinction
Finding a way to remove the attention would be a purposeful act of extinction.
What two type of reinforcement should be used by managers?
- Positive
- Extinction
Why is using punishment and negative reinforcement not the best to use?
They tend to bring other, detrimental consequences along with them.
What are the 5 types of schdule of reinforcement?
- Continuous
- Fixed Interval
- Variable interval
- Fixed Ratio
- Variable ratio
This describes which of the reinforcement “the simplest schedule and happens when a specific consequence follows each and every occurrence of a desired behaviour.”
Continuous reinforcement
Which of the 5 reinforcement is the least long lasting?
Continuous because as soon as the consequences stop the desired behaviour stops too
This describe which of the 5 “ this schedule, workers are rewarded after a certain amount of time, and the length of time between reinforcement periods stays the same.”
Fixed interval
Give me one example of each of the reinforcement
Continuous - Praise
Fixed interval - paycheque
Variable interval - Supervisor walk by
Fixed ratio - Piece rate pay
Variable ratio - Commission
This describe which of the 5 “designed to reinforce behaviour at more random points in time.”
Variable interval
What two reinforcement are based on actual behaviour?
Fixed and variable ratio
This describe which of the 5 “reinforces behaviours after a certain number of them have been exhibited.”
fixed ratio
This describe which of the 5 “rewards people after a varying number of exhibited behaviours.”
Variable ratio
- Car sale person
_____ lead to higher level of performance than _____
Variable schedules, Fixed schedules
desired behaviours tend to disappear much more quickly when reinforcement is discontinued under_____
Fixed plans
continuous or fixed schedules can be better for reinforcing new behaviours or behaviours that don’t occur on a______
Frequent Basis
Tell me what does Social learning theory say?
In addition to learning through reinforcement, people in organizations have the ability to learn through the observation of others.
When employees observe the actions of others, learn from what they observe, and then repeat the observed behaviour, they’re engaging in _________?
behavioural modelling.
What are the 4 steps for behaviour modelling to occur successfully
- Attentional process
- Retention process
- Production Process
- Reinforcement
Best way to acquire tacit knowledge is?
Behaviour modelling
What does Attentional process mean?
Choose appropriate model and perceive the behaviour accurately
What does Retention process mean?
Remember the model behaviour and how they did it
What does Production process mean?
Actually be able to reproduce the model
(Driving car)
What does Reinforcement mean?
Come from observing and direct experience of the model consequences
What are the 3 type of orientation?
- Learning orientation
- Performance prove orientation
- Performance avoid orientation
Define learning orientation
building capability is deemed more important than demonstrating ability
(enjoy working on new task)
Tell me what performance PROVE orientation people focus on?
demonstrating their ability so that others think favourably of them.
Tell me what performance AVOID orientation people focus on?
demonstrating their competence so that others will not think poorly of them.
“performance-oriented” people tend to work mainly on tasks at which they’re already good, preventing them from failing in front of others. T or F?
True
Define Programmed decisions
are decisions that become somewhat automatic because people’s knowledge allows them to recognize and identify a situation and the course of action that needs to be taken.
5 steps for communicating intent to others when using intuition?
- Here’s what I think we face.
- Here’s what I think we should do.
- Here’s why.
- Here’s what we should keep our eye
- Now, talk to me.
What are non-programmed decision?
When a situation arises that is new, complex, and not recognized
What is the rational decision making model?
Offers a step-by-step approach to making decisions that maximize outcomes by examining all available alternatives.
What are the 5 steps in rational decision making mode?
- identify the criteria
- generate a list of all available alternatives
- evaluation of those alternatives against the criteria
- select the alternative that results in the best outcome.
- implement the alternative.
The rational decision-making model assumes that_______
People are rational
The 4 Decisions making problems are?
- Limited information
- Faulty Perceptions
- Faulty Attributions
- Escalation of Commitment
Under Limited information it is described by Bounded rationality what does this mean?
decision makers simply do not have the ability or resources to process all available information and alternatives to make an optimal decision.
(We are likely to)
People tend to filter and simplify information to make sense of their complex environment, this is wrong because?
Leads them to miss information
Tell me what does satisfying mean?
results when decision makers select the first acceptable alternative considered.
Faulty Perceptions means?
Perception is the process of selecting, organizing, storing, and retrieving information about the environment.
Define Selective
is the tendency for people to see their environment only as it affects them and as it is consistent with their expectations.
*Peuna
“You only see what you want to see”
What is projection bias?
when it comes to other people is the belief that others think, feel, and act the same way they do.
Limits decision making
What is Social identity theory?
Holds that people identify themselves by the
groups to which they belong and perceive and judge others by their group memberships.
A ________ occurs when assumptions are made about others on the basis of their membership in a social group.
Stereotype
Can you say what heuristics mean?
heuristics-simple, efficient rules of thumb that allow us to make decisions more easily.
What is availability bias?
The tendency for people to base their judgments on information that is easier to recall.
- remember plane crashes
What are the 6 type of decision making biases? Tell me three now
- Anchoring (Rely on 1 trait when unreliable or irrelevant)
- Framing (rely on how a question or situation is phrased)
- Representativeness (compare event to similar event)
Judge based on reference near them. (putting hand in water) This means?
- Contrast
Weigh recent events more than earlier events, This means?
Recency
The tendency to judge the same probability of an unlikely event as lower when the probability is presented in a turm of a ratio of smaller rather than of larger numbers. (This is?)
Ratio Effect
Under Fault Attributions we know the issue is with fundamental attribution error, what is this?
Argues that people have a tendency to judge others’ behaviours as due to internal factors.
*Why You late lazy like that yk
What is self serving bias?
occurs when we attribute our own failures to external factors and our own successes to internal factors.
Why Joe arrived late to work we ask three questions. What are they?
Consensus- Did others act the same way under similar situations?
Distinctiveness- Does this person tend to act differently in other circumstances?
Consistency.- Does this person always do this when performing this task?
Internal attribution is caused by what being low and high
Low Consensus
Low Distinctiveness
High consistency
External Attribution is caused by what being low and high?
High consensus (Other arrive late)
High Distinctiveness
Low consistency
When a decision go wrong it’s known as escalation of commitment. What is this?
refers to the decision to continue to follow
a failing course of action. (throwing good money after bad, Airplane baggage)
Learning has a moderate_____ relationship with job performance and a _____positive with organizational commitment
Positive(Learn = preform better), Weak
What are some ways to foster learning in an organization?
Training
Knowledge transfer (Behaviour modelling)
Social Networking (Communities of Practise)
What are expatriates?
When worker are sent outside their home country to work
What does communities of practise mean?
which are groups of employees who
learn from one another by collaborating over an extended period of time.
______occurs when the knowledge, skills, and
behaviours used on the job are maintained by the learner once training ends and generalized to the workplace once the learner returns to the job.
Transfer of training
_____ an environment that can support the use of new skills.
Climate for transfer
