CHP. 7 - Many Types of Memory Flashcards
Retrieval paths
learning connects new material with existing memory
* only useful if you’re able to access them
bad ex. taking a pic something makes you less likely to remember it
Context-dependent learning
materials learned in 1 setting are well remembered when the person returns to that setting
ex. taking an in-class exam in the same seat as you would in lecture
Context reinstatement
re-creating the context (thoughts, feelings) of the learning episode
Encoding specificity
refers to the tendency to place in memory both the materials to be learned & the context of those materials
“the man tuned the piano”, vs. “the man lifted the piano”
Memory network
(what can it be thought of?)
memory can be thought of a vast network of ideas
* ideas = nodes connected to each other via associations
Spreading activation
activation travels within a network from node to node via associative links
ex. certain input triggers higher neural responses
Semantic priming
activation of an idea in memory causes activation to spread to other ideas related to the first in meaning
ex. “butter” being primed with “bread”
Recall
individual generates the memory after being given a broad cue identifying the info sought
ex. ‘What was the name of the restaurant we went to?”
Recognition
info is presented, and individual must decide if it’s sought-after into
ex. “Is this the name of the restaurant?”
relies of feelings of familiarity
Deja Vu
familiarity w/o source/recognition
Remember/know distinction
Do you remember encountering an item of do you just know you’ve encountered it?
“remember” needs source info
“know” needs familiarity
Episodic memory
memory for specific events
Procedural memory
knowing how
* things you can do but are hard to verablize
Priming
changes in perception & belief caused by previous experience
Perceptual learning
how you change in response to stimuli
* recalibrating perceptual systems
Repetition priming
think of the example
lexical decisions are faster if the word has been recently seen
ex. word-stem completion tasks
Explicit memory
revealed by direct memory testing
* conscious awareness of memory
ex. recall tests or standard recognition tests
Implicit memory
revealed by indirect memory testing
* unconscious awareness of memory
ex. lexical-decision or word completion tasks
False Fame-Effect
phenomenon when people study unknown names under divided attention & then judge those names “famous” compared to the new nonfamous ones
Illusion of truth
claims that are familiar end up seeming more plausible
* effect of implicit memory
ex. claims being heard from before
Source confusion
people are often better at remembering that something is familiar rather than why
* familiarity without episodic memory
ex. falsely accusing a person of a crime by “seeing” their face earlier
Processing pathway
sequence of detectors & connections between them that leads to recognizing/remembering a stimulus
* repeated use strengthens pathway
Retrograde amnesia
loss of memories from out past
* before trauma
Anterograde amnesia
inability to form new memories from our experiences
* after trauma
Korsakoff’s Syndrome
unable to recall explicit memories (implicit is intact)
ex. chronic alcoholics, pin handshake experiment
