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Memory & Cognition > CHP. 3 - Visual Perception > Flashcards

CHP. 3 - Visual Perception Flashcards

1
Q

Points of refraction in eye

A
  1. Cornea
  2. Lens
    * Contacts/glasses add an extra refraction point
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2
Q

Where is the focal point of light in the eye?

A

Fovea

Rods & cones

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3
Q

Pathway of light into the eye

A
  1. Light
  2. Cornea
  3. Lens
  4. Retina
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4
Q

Rods

A
  • Color-blind
  • Sensitive in low light levels
  • Lower acuity
  • None in fovea
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5
Q

Cones

A
  • Color-sensitive
  • Can’t function in dim light
  • Higher acuity
  • Mostly in/near fovea
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6
Q

Color perception problems

A

Color “blindness” or deficiency
* Due to overlap in cone sensitivities
* More common in males

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7
Q

Retina visual pathway

Right up to optic nerve

A
  1. Photoreceptors (rods & cones)
  2. Bipolar cells
  3. Ganglion cells
  4. Optic nerve
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8
Q

Brain visual pathway

A
  1. Optic nerve
  2. Optic chasm (optic nerves cross over)
  3. Optic tract to LGN of thalamus
  4. Optic radiations to V1 (visual cortex) in occipital lobe
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9
Q

Primary visual cortex

A

(aka) V1
* receives info from LGN in thalamus
* in occipital lobe

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10
Q

Emmetropia

Vision

A

Happy condition of no refractive error

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11
Q

Myopia

Vision

A

Near-sightedness
* When the light entering the eyes is focused in front of the retina & distant objects can’t be seen sharply

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12
Q

Hyperopia

Vision

A

Far-sightedness
* When light entering the eye is focused behind the retina

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13
Q

Presbyopia

Vision

A

“Old sight”
* Hardening of the crytal lens
* Lens becomes harder & capsule that encircles the lens loses its elasticity
* Can’t focus on things as closely

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14
Q

Astigmatism

A

Visual defecting involving unequal curving of 1 or more of the refractive surfaces of the eye (usually the cornea)

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15
Q

Cataracts

A

Cloudy lens - loss of transparency in lens

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16
Q

Lateral inhibition

A

When cells are stimulated, they inhibit the activity of neighboring cells
* Results in edge enhancement

17
Q

Visual field

A

External stimuli
* Field of view
* Divided into left & right

18
Q

Receptive field

A

The area that causes an increase/decrease in a firing rate of a cell when stimulated

19
Q

Retinal receptive fields

A

Smaller in fovea (cones)
Larger in periphery (rods)
* Organized into Center-Surround
* On-Center
* Off-Center

20
Q

Parallel processing

A
  1. Brain divides stimuli into separate components
  2. Processes each component separately
  3. Perception if formed by integrating them together
21
Q

Summary of visual info processing

A
  1. Scene
  2. Retinal processing
  3. Feature detection
  4. Parallel processing
  5. Recognition
22
Q

Advantages of parallel processing

A
  1. Speed & efficiency
  2. Mutual influence among multiple systems
23
Q

Serial processing

A

Steps are done one at a time (bottom-up)

24
Q

What system (Ventral pathway)

A

Connects occipital lobe & inferotemporal cortex
* Aids in ID of visual objects (object)
* Damage = visual agnosia

25
Q

Where system (Dorsal pathway)

A

Connects occipital lobe & posterior parietal cortex
* Aids in perception of object’s location (spatial)
* Damage = difficulties reaching for objects

26
Q

Binding problem

A

Task of reuniting elements of a stimulus that were addressed by different systems in different brain regions

27
Q

Elements that help with the binding problem

A
  1. Spatial position
  2. Neural synchrony
  3. Attention
28
Q

Reversible (ambigous) figures

A

One set of visual features results in multiple interpretation

ex. young woman vs. old woman, duck vs. bunny

29
Q

Perceptual constancy

A

We perceive constant object properties (sizes, shapes, etc) even though sensory info can change viewing circumstances change
* Brightness/size/shape constancy

30
Q

Accomodation

Depth

A

Eye changes its focus (lens gets fatter as gaze is directed toward nearer objects)

31
Q

Convergence

Depth

A

Ability of the 2 eyes to turn inward (used to focus on nearer objects)

32
Q

Divergence

Depth

A

Ability of the 2 eyes to turn outward (used to focus on farther objects)

33
Q

Monocular depth cue

Depth/distance

A

Cue available even when the world is viewed with only 1 eye

34
Q

Binocular depth cue

Distance/depth

A

Cue that relies on info from both eyes

35
Q

Motion cue

A

Cue available when object is moving

36
Q

Binocular disparity

ex. finger exercise

A

Difference between each eye’s view of a stimulus
* Can lead to perception of depth in absence of other cues

37
Q

Motion parallax

A

Projected images of nearby objects move more than distant ones across retinas

38
Q

Optic flow

A

As you move toward/away from an object, the pattern of stimulation across the entire visual field changes

39
Q

Akinetopsia

A

Inability to detect motion, causing moving objects to appear as if they are jumping from one stationary position to another
* “Motion blindness”
* Linked to Area V5

Memory & Cognition (9 decks)

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