Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Test 3 > Chp 36 Pain Study Guide > Flashcards

Chp 36 Pain Study Guide Flashcards

1
Q

results from nerve injury

A

neuropathic pain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

physiological pain

A

somatic pain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

excessive sensitivity

A

hyperalgesia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

occurs after an amputation when the brain continues to receive messages from the area of the amputation

A

phantom pain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

pain that extends to other areas

A

radiating pain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

pain that is perceived by an individual but has no physical cause

A

psychogenic pain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

pain from non injury stimuli

A

allodynia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

greatly exaggerated pain reaction to stimuli

A

hyperpathia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

the administration of medications before a painful event

A

preemptive analgesia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

unpleasant abnormal sensation

A

dysethesia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

identify two causes of unrelieved pain

A

health care professional failure to assess pain, failure to accept a patients reported pain, failure to initiate pain relief

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

when should nurses assess pain

A

along with other vital signs, before and after pain control interventions are performed, or analgesic medication is administered

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

A patient is having severe, acute pain from the kidney stones. On the basis of the patients experience, the nurse anticipates which of the following in the patients assessment

A

tachycardia, diaphoresis, pupil dilation, hypertension

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What areas of the body is the most sensitive to pain

A

skin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

identify and briefly describe the four steps in the pain indication process

A

Transduction: conversion of the energy from the pain stimuli into electrical energy through nociceptors at the place of tissue injury
Transmission: The action potential, or electrical energy signal, is sent to the spinal cord and brain
Perception: Occurs when the brain translates the signals as pain
Modulation: Once the pain is recognized, the brain can change the perception of pain by sending inhibitory input to the spinal cord to impede the transmission

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Difference between pain threshold and pain tolerance

A

Threshold: the point at which the brain recognizes the stimulus as pain
Tolerance: intensity or duration of pain that a patient is able or willing to endure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Three major types of pain

A

acute, cancer, and non cancer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the specific sensations associated with neuropathic pain

A

burning aching, crushing, stabbing, shooting, tingling, or numbing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are pathologies that can influence the pain experience

A

This that damage or create hypersensitivity along the pain pathway, such as spinal cord injuries, peripheral neuropathy secondary to diabetes mellitus or peripheral vascular disease, and psychological dysfunction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Physiological changes that occur with pain include

A

Endocrine system: release of excessive amounts of hormones, leading to hyperglycemia
Cardiovascular: an increase in the heart rate, force of contraction, BP, and coagulation
Respiratory system: respiratory rate increases and becomes irregular
Musculoskeletal: impaired muscle function, muscle spasms, muscle tension, and fatigue
Genitourinary: increase in BP through activation of the renin-angiotensin system. Urine output decrease, and urinary retention increases, with possible fluid overload and hypokalemia
GI: decrease in gastric emptying and motility, increased GI secretions, and smooth muscle tone. Metabolism is slowed, resulting in indigestion and constipation.
Immune: inflammatory mediators are released in an attempt to prevent and fight infection and to reduce the pain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

How is pain influenced by gender

A

Women have reported being in more pain, women seek help for pain more often than mend do, but women are less likely to receive treatment. Women are more lily to be given sedatives for pain, and men are more likely to be given analgesics.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

How is pain influenced by disability

A

Patient with impaired cognition may not be able to communicate pain. Facial expressions, vocalization of noises, or changes in physical activity or routines may be signs of pain. Patients who are intubated may be able to write or point to a pain assessment tool to indicate their level of pain. Elevated BP and/or pulse rate, as well as restlessness, may signal increased pain levels in patients who are intubated and sedated and unable to communicate verbally or in writing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

How is pain influenced by morphology

A

Obese people tend to experience more pain in more locations than individual of normal weight, and pain medication dosages need to be adjusted on the basis of the heigh and weigh of patients of all ages due to body surface area and metabolic differences

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

How is medication administration adapted for older adults with pain

A

lower dosage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Legal risks can be reduced by

A 
Checking allergies
Six rights 
Nursing process
Monitering for side effects
Reporting uncommon responses
Communication with patient
Teaching
Documenting accurately
Evaluating the effect of medication on the patient, and document patient response. Use equipment such as patient controlled anesthesia pumps properly
Following policies and procedures 
Arranging appropriate referrals
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

advantages of transdermal fentanyl system

A

eliminate having to program an intravenous pump
minimize preparation time, making it less time consuming for nurses
eliminate med errors
greater pain control for patients
enable patients to do ADLs easier
move and ambulate earlier due to improved pain

27
Q

Opioid analgesics

A

Morphine, hydromorphone, pentazocine, oxycodone

28
Q

Major side effects of narcotic analgesics

A

respiratory depression

29
Q

what is nerve block used for

A

migraines, dental work, back pain, herniated disks, cancer pain

30
Q

T/F a large percentage of patients become addicted to analgesic medications

A

F

31
Q

Joint Commission Standards for pain

A

Recognize the right of patients to have appropriate assessment and management of pain
Identify patients with pain in an initial screening assessment
Perform a more comprehensive pain assessment when pain is identified
Record the results of the assessment in a way that facilitates regular reassessment and follow-up
Educate
Determine and ensure stop competency
Address pain assessment and management to new staff
Establish policies and procedures
Ensure that pain does not interfere with participation in rehabilitation
Educate patients and family
Address needs at discharge
Collect data to monitor

32
Q

What nursing intervention for a patient in pain is based on gate control theory

A

giving a back massage

33
Q

Burning sensation in the epigastric area. what type of pain?

A

visceral

34
Q

when asking about quality of pain, nurse should ask?

A

what does pain feel like

35
Q

Nurse tells patient in advance that the urinary catheter insertion may feel uncomfortable. Example of?

A

anticipating a response

36
Q

Patient has an order for transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation. This is contraindicated for?

A

pacemaker

37
Q

terminally ill patient with cancer with pain. realistic goal is?

A

adapt the analgesics as the nursing assessment reveals the need for specific medications

38
Q

example of multimodal analgesia

A

tylenol with codeine

39
Q

knowing the major side effect of non steroidal anti-inflammatory drug medications, the nurse instructs the patient to

A

take the medication with food

40
Q

the nurse expects to administer which of the following for narcotic overdose

A

Naloxone

41
Q

When does pain need to be assessed?

A

on a regular basis ( the golden question)

42
Q

what does the nurse do regarding pain?

A

The monitor pain management, evaluates the level of pain relief, advocates for the patient, and educates the patient

43
Q

What are nociceptors?

A

free endings of afferent nerve fibers, which are sensory neurons that are sensitive to noxious thermal, mechanical, chemical.

44
Q

What is pattern theory?

A

when an injury occurs, a signal is carried along large-diameter nerve fibers (touch fibers) that may inhibit a signal carried by thin fibers.

45
Q

What is Gate Control Theory?

A

Explains why thoughts and emotions influence pain perception.

46
Q

What is Neuromatrix Theory ?

A

Suggests that pain is a multidimensional experience controlled by a body-self neuromatrix. It addresses the distinctive experience of pain as it is perceived and regulated by each person. Proposes that people have a genetically controlled network of neurons that is unique.

47
Q

What is nociceptive pain?

A

most common type of pain; its physiologic (physical) pain occurs when nociceptors are stimulated in response to trauma, inflammation, or tissue damage from surgery.

May be sharp, burning, aching, cramping, or stabbing

48
Q

What is Visceral pain?

A

Organs of the body and occurs in conditions such as appendicitis, pancreatitis, inflammatory bowel disease, bladder distention, and cancer

49
Q

What is Somatic pain?

A

skin, bones, muscles, and joints. Occurs in conditions such as sunburn, lacerations, fractures, arthritis, and bone cancer

50
Q

What is referred and radiating pain?

A

Referred: originates in one area but hurts in another area such as pain from a heart attack.

Radiating: extends from the source to an adjacent area of the body. Ex. GERD; pain radiates up to the esophagus

51
Q

What is Neuropathic pain?

A

results from nerve injury, and the pain continues even after the painful stimuli are gone. aka pathologic pain. This pain may stem from CNS or PNSS injuries. Normally, its chronic pain and it may be continuous or episodic.

It may be burning, aching, crushing, stabbing, shooting, tingling, or numbing

52
Q

What is dysesthesia?

A

unpleasant, abnormal sensation

53
Q

What is allodynia?

A

pain from noninjury stimuli

54
Q

What is hyperalgesia?

A

excessive sensitivity

55
Q

What is hyperpathia?

A

greatly exaggerated pain reaction to stimuli

56
Q

What is Phantom pain?

A

when brain continues to receive messages from the area of an amputation.

57
Q

What is Psychogenic pain?

A

Pain is perceived by an individual but has no physical cause

may be caused by increased or prolonged mental, emotional, or behavioral factors

58
Q

When treating an elderly person for patient, what are some special considerations when it comes to medication?

A

Start with a low dose within the prescribed range and slowly increase the dosage to relieve pain. Opioid doses should start 50% to 75% lower than the normal adult dose to avoid oversedation

59
Q

What is polypharmacy?

A

common concern with elderly or chronically ill patients who take multiple medications simultaneously, including prescription drugs, OTC, and herbal supplements.

60
Q

How would you communicate with a patient who is in excruciating pain?

A

A rapid, narrowed assessment to determine location, onset, quality, and severity of pain must be completed before emergency treatment.

Use short, closed-ended questions.

61
Q

What changes will you see in a patient’s vital signs if they are experiencing pain?

A

Elevated pulse and blood pressure (acute pain)

Decreased BP and pulse rate indicate chronic pain.

62
Q

What behaviors will a patient in pain exhibit?

A

facial grimaces, clenched teeth, rubbing or guarding of the painful area, agitation, restlessness, and withdrawal from painful stimuli. They might also be crying, moaning, or screaming.

psychological responses: anxiety, depression, anger, irritability, helplessness and hopelessness.

63
Q

What is Multimodal analgesia?

A

the use of more than one means for controlling pain. When more than one type of agent is used, analgesia is more effective, requires lower doses of each agent, and provides fewer side effects.

Ex. acetaminophen with codeine, morphine sulfate with gabapentin

Test 3 (15 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions