chp 26- study guide Flashcards
__ represents a rapid decline in kidney function sufficient to increase blood levels of nitrogenous wastes and impair fluid and electrolyte balance
Acute Renal Failure
The causes of acute renal failure are categorized as:
prerenal, intrarenal, and postrenal
__ failure, is the most common form of acute renal failulre
prerenal
Prerenal failure is manifested by a sharp decrease in urine output and a disproportionate elevation of __ in relationship to serum creatinine levels.
BUN
Blood urea nitrogen
___ failure results from obstruction of urine outflow from the kidneys
postrenal
the main concern in acute renal failure:
figuring out the underlying CAUSE of failure
represents a permanent loss of kidney nephrons with progressive deterioration of glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorptive capacity, and endocrine functions of the kidneys.
Chronic Kidney Disease
Normal GFR
120-130 mL/ inute
GFR is usually estimated using the serum __ concentration
creatinin
Increased excretion of low molecular weight globulins is a marker of __ disease and excretion of __ a marker of CKD.
tubulointerstital disease
albumin
the __ state includes signs and symptoms of altered fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance, and alterations in regulatory functions.
uremic
Chronic renal failure can produce ___ or fluid ___, depending on the pathology fo the kidney disease.
dehydration or fluid overload
In chronic renal failure, the kidneys lose the ability to regulate ___ excretion.
sodium
the acidosis that occurs in persons with kidney failure seems to stabilize as the disease progresses, probably as a result of the tremendous buffering capacity of ____
bone
the term renal ___ is sued to describe the skeletal complications of CKD.
osteodystrophy
___ commonly is an early manifestation of chronic renal failure.
hypertension
Anorexia, nausea, and vomiting are common in patients with __, along with a metallic taste in the mouth that further depresses the appetite.
uremia
neuropathy is caused by __ and __ of nerve fibers, possible caused by uremic toxins
atrophy and demyelination
normal aging is associated with a decline in the __ and subsequently with reduced homeostatic regulation under stressful conditions.
atrophy, demyelination
Polyuria with urine that is almost isotonic with plasma
Isothenuria
by-product of muscle metabolism
creatinine
Impaired tubular reabsorption of sodium
Salt wasting
Decreased CNS activity
Uremic Encephalopathy
use of artificial kidney to filter blood
Hemodialysis
Presence of excess amounts of urea in the blood
Uremia
Increased bone reabsorption and formation
Osteitis fibrosa
Acute Tubular Necrosis is the most common cause of intrinsic renal failure. One of the causes of ATN is ischemia. What are the most common causes of ischemic ATN?
- severe hypovolemia
- Burns
- overwhelming sepsis
Chronic kidney disease impacts many systems in teh body. What is the number 1 hematologic disorder caused by CKD?
Anemia
Uremic pericarditis is a disorder that accompanies CKD. What are its presenting signs and symptoms?
- pericardial friction rub
- chest pain with respiratory accentuation
- Fever without infection
Which neuromuscular disorder is triggered by CKD?
restless leg syndrome
What is the one thing that is missing in an immune response in ppl with CKD?
failure to mount a fever with infection
in hemodialysis, access to the vascular system is most commonly through what?
Internal arteriovenous fistula
