Chapter 25 Flashcards
What are the 4 cystic disorders?
- Autosomal Dominant polycystic kidney disease
- Autosomal Recessive polycystic kidney disease
- Nephronophthsis
- Medullary Cystic kidney disease
Cystic disorders can either be __ or ___
genetic or acquired
Simple cysts are from:
destruction or reduction of blood flow to the renal cortex
Acquired renal cysts are from:
ppl that are on long term dialysis and have chronic kidney disease.
*in ppl over 50 yrs old
Autosomal Dominant:
- mutation in PKHD1 and PKDH2 gene
- adult onset
- main symptom: HEMATURIA, PROTEINURIA
- bubble like cysts on nephrons that lead to renal failure
Autosomal Recessive
- PKHD1 mutation
- cysts form on JUST the collecting ducts of nephrons
- onset in infants/children
- Mainly PROTEINURIA, liver fibrosis, portal hypertension
- deadly- disease progresses quickly
What are the 2 types of Immune Mechanisms: Glomerular Disease
- Antiglomerular membrane Antibodies- not attached to antigen
- Circulating antigen-antibody complex deposition: bound and deposited.
Circulating antigen-antibody complex deposition can be a result of what common virus?
strep throat- travels through body and gets stuck in glomerulus. WBC attack glomerulus bc it’s lodged
Nephronitis and Medullary Cystic disease affects what part of the glomerulus?
medullary tubules
Glomerular Damage can be seen as 3 changes in cells:
- Proliferative- # of cells increase
- Membranous- basement membrane thickens
- Sclerotic- ECM increases
Nephritic vs Nephrotic disease:
Nephritic: hematuria, mild proteinuria, ^BP, Azotemia
* acute onset- caused by inflammation
Nephrotic: Proteinuria, Hypoalbuminemia, severed edema
* at risk for atheroscelorsis
* problems with clotting and bleeding (albumin)
Disorders of Glomerular Function:
- Acute Nephritic Syndrome
- Rapidly Progressive Glomerulonephritis
- Nephrotic Syndrome
presence of nitrogensou wastes in the blood, oliguria, and hematuria are all categorized as:
excess wastes in the blood
Defined as: Azotemia
Nephritic syndromes:
- Acute Postinfectious Glomerulonephritis
- Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis
- Goodpasture disease
a proliferative inflammatory response with Azotemia, oliguria, and hematuria as main symptoms:
Acute Postinfectious Glomerulonephritis
This disease has no evident cause and can be attributed to immune response (lupus). It develops rapidly and creates an influx of immune cells into glomerulus, causing deposits that obstruct flow.
Rapidly Progressie Glomerulonephritis
This Nephritic syndrome specifically causes rapid pulmonary hemorrhage and renal failure
Good Pasture Syndrome
T or F
Those with Nephrotic syndrome are less responsive to drugs?
True
- nephrotic syndrome is a severe loss of protein (proteinuria)
- there is no protein to bind to the drug gets excreted fast
Patients with Nephrotic syndrome are more likely to get___.
Atherosclerosis
- deficiency of albumin in blood triggers liver to produce more of it. This amps up LDL production, this creates atherosclerotic buildup over time.
A lack of albumin in blood supply creates what:
- edema
- increased free drug
Excess proteins in urine means the blood has less what in it?
- clotting and anticoagulant factors
- binding proteins (hormones and ions)
- immunoglobulins
- albumin
How do you diagnosis renal disease?
renal biopsy
Chronic Pyelonephritis is caused by:
- malformation of ureter entry way into bladder (flap or angle)
- recurring kidney infection due to obstruction
Pyelonephritis is caused by:
kidney infection
Acute- usually from bacterial infection, cleared up with antibiotics
Chronic- recurring infections, usually due to malformation of ureter flap or entrance into bladder, trapping infection into bladder
*treatment-remove obstruction, fix malformation
Obstruction disorders:
- Hydronephrosis- fluid caused expansion of renal tubules (caused by obstruction)
- Renal Calculi- solid formations that physically block renal tubules
Consequences of dilation of renal tubules or tract (Hydronephrosis)
- increased pressure inside renal capsule
- Compartment syndrome: compresses blood vessels
- Renal Ischemia ^
Consequences of renal tubules obstruction (renal calculi)
- stasis of urine
- risk of infection
- stone formation from bacteria colonizations
Renal Calculi theories: (3)
- Saturation theory
- Matrix theory
- Inhibitor theory
4 types of renal calculi:
- Calcium stones
- Magnesium ammonium phosphate stones
- uric acid stones
- cystine stones
acute, intermittent and excruciating pain from kidney stones
Renal collic
uric acid stones are associated with:
gout
-from too fatty of a diet (uric acid from high purine diet)
in renal ___, the kidneys don’t develop to normal size
hypoplasia
Renal ___ is due to an abnormality in the differentiation of kidney structures during embryonic development.
dysplasia
