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Patho > Chapter 3- Book > Flashcards

Chapter 3- Book Flashcards

1
Q

Complex, nonspecific response to tissue injury intended to minimize the effects of infection, remove the damaged tissue, generate new tissue, and facilitate healing.

A

Inflammation

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2
Q

The reaction of vascularized tissue to cell injury or death

A

Inflammation

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3
Q

Small, membrane bound disks circulating in the blood that play an active role in normal hemostasis

A

Platelets

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4
Q

Vascular changes folllow 1 of these 3 responses

A

Immediate Transient Response
Immediate Sustained Response
Delayed Response

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5
Q

Cardinal signs of inflammation

A

Heat, redness, pain, swelling, loss of function

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6
Q

Small proteins that cells release as a messenger when their is a pathogen invasion

A

Chemokines

(Mine) means movement

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7
Q

_____ manifestations may occur as chemical mediators produced at the site of inflammation

A

Systemic

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8
Q

Acute inflammation involves two major components: the ______ and _______ stages

A

Vascular and cellular

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9
Q

Leukocytes known as ________ produce prostaglandins and leukotrienes, platelet-activating factor, inflammatory cytokines, and worth factors that promise regeneration of tissues.

A

Monocytes and macrophages

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10
Q

Pyogenic means

A

Pus forming

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11
Q

Local manifestations of acute reactions are determined by? (3)

A

Severity of reaction
It’s specific cause
Site of involvement

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12
Q

Types of local manifestations (5)

A 
Serous exudate
Fibrinous exudate
Hemorrhagic exudate
Membranous exudate
Purulent (pus) exudate
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13
Q

A site of inflammation where an epithelial surface has become necrotic or eroded, often with sub Epithelial inflammation

A

Ulcer

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14
Q

Acute inflammation can result in 1 of 3 outcomes:

A

Resolution
Progression to chronic inflammation
Substantial scarring or fibrosis

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15
Q

Scarring and fibrosis occurs when

A

Their is significant tissue injury or when inflammation occurs in tissue that don’t regenerate

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16
Q

Chronic inflammation is result of: (2)

A
  1. )Recurrent or progressive acute inflammatory response

2. ) low grade, smoldering responses that fail to evoke an acute response

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17
Q

Chronic inflammation is characterized by having:

A

Infiltration with mononuclear cells (macrophages, lymphocytes, plasma cells)
Attempted connective tissue repair involving angiogenesis and fibrosis

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18
Q

Agents that evoke chronic inflammation are typically:

A

Low grade, persistent infections or irritants that are unable to penetrate deeply or spread rapidly.

Ex of foreign substances: (talk, asbestos, surgical materials, etc.)

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19
Q

Typically a small, 1-2 mm lesion in which there is a massing of macrophages surrounded by lymphocytes

A

Granuloma

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20
Q

The most prominent systemic manifestations of inflammation: (3)

A
  1. ) acute phase response
  2. ) alterations to # of WBC’s
  3. ) Fever
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21
Q

Acute-phase response to inflammation includes changes the concentration of: (5)

A
  1. ) plasma proteins
  2. )skeletal muscles catabolism
  3. ) negative nitrogen balance
  4. )elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate
  5. )increased # of leukocytes
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22
Q

Normal value of WBC’s
Vs
Infection response

A

Normal: 4,000 to 10,000 cells/ul

Infection: 15,000 to 20,000 cells/ul

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23
Q

A decrease in WBC’s

A

Leukopenia

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24
Q

A severe bacterial infection

A

Sepsis

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25
Q

Normal body temp

A

36-37.5 degrees C
Or
97-99.5 degrees F

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26
Q

Internal core temperatures reach their highest point in the _________ and their lowest point in the _______

A

Late afternoon/evening

Early morning hours

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27
Q

Body temperature is regulated by the ______ located in the _____

A

Thermoregulatory center in the hypothalamus

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28
Q

The level at which body temperature is regulated so that core temperature is maintained within the normal range.

A

Thermostatic set point

29
Q

Act at the cellular level to shift body metabolism to heat production rather than energy generation

A

Epinephrine and Norepinephrine

30
Q

What raises the skin hair and produces goose bumps on skin to help reduce the surface area available for heat loss?

A

Pilomotor muscles

31
Q

Under the surface of the skin to allow blood to move directly from the arterial to the venous system

A

Arteriovenous (AV) shunts

32
Q

The transfer of heat through the air or a vacuum

A

Radiation

33
Q

What percent of body heat is lost through radiation?

A

60%

34
Q

Fever is caused by _____ M

A

Pyrogens

35
Q

There are two types of pyrogens (microorganisms that cause fever)

What are they?

A

Endogenous- increase the set point of the hypothalamic thermoregulatory center through (PGE2)

Exogenous- act indirectly and may require several hours to produce their effect

36
Q

4 Patterns of fever

A
  1. ) intermittent- temp returns to normal at least once every 24 hours
  2. ) remittent- temp doesn’t return to normal and it varies in either direction (sepsis, abscesses, acute bacterial endocarditis)
  3. ) sustained- remains above normal. (Drug-induced)
  4. ) relapsing- one or more episodes, each as long as several days. (TB, fungal infections, Lymes, malaria)
37
Q

Physiologic behaviors that occur during a fever (4)

A
  1. ) Prodrome- * temp is rising- mild complaints of headache and fatigue
  2. ) Chill- temp is still rising, shaking and feeling cold
  3. ) Flush- cutaneous vasodilation occurs and skin is warm and red
  4. ) Defervesence- sweating
38
Q

Common manifestations of fever

A
  • anorexia- don’t want to eat
  • myalgia
  • arthralgia
  • fatigue
39
Q

What is often given to someone who has a fever?

A

Antipyretic drugs such as: aspirin, ibuprofen, acetaminophen

40
Q

The vascular stage of acute inflammation is characterized by

A 
Increased blood flow (vasodilation)
Structural changes  (increased vascular permeability)
41
Q

The cellular stage of acute inflammation is characterized by

A

Emigration of leukocytes (mainly neutrophils) to the site of injury

42
Q

Depending on the severity of injury, vascular changes that occur with inflammation follow 1 of 3 responses

A
  1. ) immediate transient response- occurs with minor injury. Occurs rapidly and is reversible (15-30 mins)
  2. ) Immediate sustained response- more serious types of injury’s and continues for several days (burns and bacterial infections)
  3. ) Delayed response- increased permeability begins in 2 to 12 hours and lasts for several hours or days. (Radiation such as sunburn)
43
Q

Cellular stage of acute inflammation is characterized by changes in:

A

The endothelial cells lining the vasculature and movement of phagocytic leukocytes into the are of infection

44
Q

The sequence of events in the cellular response to inflammation include:

A
  1. ) margination and adhesion
  2. ) transmigration
  3. ) Chemotaxis
  4. ) activation and phagocytosis
45
Q

The release of ____ causes the endothelial cells lining the vessel to experts cell margination and adhesion molecules bind to carbohydrates on the leukocytes

A

Cytokines

46
Q

The interaction where cytokines cause endothelial cells to attach to carbohydrates on the leukocytes is called what?

A

Tethering

47
Q

_____ slows leukocyte flow through the blood and causes them to roll along the endothelial cell surface, finally coming to rest and adhering to the intracellular adhesion molecules on the endothelium

A

Tethering

48
Q

_____ is the dynamic and energy-directed process of cell migration

A

Chemotaxis

49
Q

Small proteins that direct the trafficking of leukocytes during the early stages of inflammation to the site of injury or infection

A

Chemokines

50
Q

The enhanced binding of an antigen to a coated microbe or particle is called _____

A

Opsonization

51
Q

Plasma derived mediators include: (3)

A

Acute-phase proteins
Coagulation factors
Complement proteins

52
Q

The plasma is the source of inflammatory mediators that are products of 3 major protein cascade systems:

A
  1. ) Kallikrein-Kininogen system- generate kinins
  2. ) Coagulation system- fibbing and RBCs together to form clot
  3. ) Complement system- complement proteins
53
Q

_____ are products of the liver and factors in the coagulation system

A

Kinins

54
Q

Causes increase capillary permeability and pain

A

Bradykinin

55
Q

Found primarily within platelet granules and is released during platelet aggregation

A

Serotonin

56
Q

The development is new blood vessels is called?

A

Angiogenesis

57
Q

What does nitric oxide do?

A

Expands the blood vessels, increasing the blood flow and decreasing plaque growth and blood clotting

57
Q

What two things happen in the vascular stage of acute inflammation?

A
  1. ) vasodilation- histamine and NO

2. ) capillaries become more permeable- Histamine, bradykinine, and leukotrienes

57
Q

What two things happen in the cellular stage of acute inflammation?

A
  1. ) WBC’s enter the injured tissue- margination and adhesion, transmigration, Chemotaxis
  2. ) Leukocyte activation and phagocytosis
57
Q

During the cellular stage of acute inflammation what does arachidonic acid make?

A

Prostaglandins- vasodilate smooth muscle … induce bronchoconstriction
Inhibit inflammatory cell function

Leukotrienes- bronchoconstriction. Released by mast cells along with histamine
Increase vascular permeability

  • both of these are important in blood clotting during a major injury. Vasoconstrict and dilate vessels
57
Q

TNF-a and IL-1 are released by_____ and do what?
(Tumor necrosis factor)
(Inter leukin 1)

A

Macrophages
Activate epithelial cells to grab leukocytes from blood.
They also trigger other immune cells

57
Q

What do corticosteroids do?

A

Prevent arachadonic acid so it helps manage the inflammatory response

57
Q

What does aspirin do?

A

Deactivate the 1st enzyme (prostaglandin) of the cycloxygenase pathway

Decreases inflammation

57
Q

The hallmark of acute phase response to inflammation is :

A

The liver secretes proteins: fibrinogen (clot formation), C-reactive protein, serum Amyloid A protein (defense proteins)

57
Q

Fever happens when ____ are released, go to hypothalamus, and raise bodies ______.

A

Cytokines

Thermostatic set point

57
Q

Intermittent fever is usually seen with _____

A

Bacterial infection

57
Q

Sustained fever is usually seen with ____

A

Drug induced

57
Q

Remitted Fever is characterized by:

A

The fact it never goes back to normal

57
Q

Relapsing fever is seen with ___

A

TB, infectious disease, malaria, limes disease

Patho (18 decks)

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