Chapter 2- Cell Injury/death Flashcards
Piaget’s Disease
a chronic disease of elderly people characterized by deterioration of bone tissue, especially in the spine, skull, or pelvis, sometimes causing severe pain.
Cells may adapt to their environment by undergoing changes in what? (3) things
Size, #, and type
Denervation will result in cellular _____
Atrophy
What happens when the cell is deprived of oxygen resulting in an interruption of oxidative metabolism and the generation of adenosine triphosphate (ATP0
Hypoxia
Reversible cellular injury usually results in ____ or ____ accumulation
Swelling or fatty
If this increases, it activates a number of enzymes with potentially damaging effects
Calcium
Coagulation Necrosis
Acidosis develops and denatures the enzymatic and structural proteins of the cell
Rare fatal genetic disorder caused by mutation in the LMNA gene, which effects the proteins in structure of nucleus
Hutchinson- Gilford progeria syndrome
Why does chronically damaged tissue result in calcification?
(Dystrophic calcification)- derived from crystalline calcium phosphates.
The calcium deoposits are derived from the bodies of dear/dying cells and circulation of interstitial fluid. As tissues die, the calcium crystallizes and deposits form.
5 Categories of Cellular Injury
- ) Physical Agents- Mechanical forces, Temp extreme, electricity
- ) Radiation- Nonionizing, ionizing, UV
- ) Chemical- Drugs, Mercury, Lead
- )Biologic Agents- viruses, bacteria
- ) Nutritional
3 Major Mechanisms of Cell Injury
- ) Free Radical formation
- ) Hypoxia
- ) Disruption of intracellular calcium homeostasis
How can oxidative stress cause damage and why is it a concern?
Oxidative stress leads to the oxidation of cell components, changes in gene and protein expression, and activation of signal transduction pathways.
Why does Hypoxia create acidosis? And how does acidosis damage the cell?
As O2 decreases, the cells oxidative metabolism slows down. In order to make ATP with no O2, the cell reverts to anaerobic metabolism. Anaerobic metabolism creates lactic acid, which lowers the PH in a cell.
Acidosis reduces protein conformation= result in loss of enzyme function.
What are the 2 pathways for Apoptosis?
Extrinsic (death receptors needed) and Intrinsic
Lead toxicity leads to:
Demyelination of cerebral and cerebellar white matter in brain
What is the genetic disorder where an enzyme needed to repair sunlight-induced DNA damage is lacking?
Xeroderma Pigmentosum
What genetic disorder is characterized by
Extreme photosensitivity and a greatly increased risk of skin cancer in skin that has been exposed to the sun
Wet Gangrene has an issue with _____ blood supply
Venous
Dry Gangrene is usually confined to:
The extremities
Wet Gangrene can _____
Dry Gangrene can _____
Can kill you
Can turn into wet gangrene if infected with bacteria
What is the line between healthy tissue and necrotic tissue in wet gangrene called?
Demarcation
Clostridium bacteria in gas gangrene are:
Anaerobic
They use no O2 so their byproduct is hydrogen sulfide (gas) that gets trapped in muscles. Super painful
Which gangrene results in crepitus?
Gas gangrene
Crepitus- air under skin
2 theories of aging
- ) Accumulation of damage overcomes ability to fix it
2. ) cells have the capability to only replicate a certain number of times ( Haflick & Morehead)
Pathophysiology definition
The study of functional or physiologic changes in the body that result from disease processes.
Disease definition
Deviation from the normal structure and function of a system in a particular person
Normal respiratory rate
12-20 breaths/minute
