Chapter 2- Cell Injury/death Flashcards
Piaget’s Disease
a chronic disease of elderly people characterized by deterioration of bone tissue, especially in the spine, skull, or pelvis, sometimes causing severe pain.
Cells may adapt to their environment by undergoing changes in what? (3) things
Size, #, and type
Denervation will result in cellular _____
Atrophy
What happens when the cell is deprived of oxygen resulting in an interruption of oxidative metabolism and the generation of adenosine triphosphate (ATP0
Hypoxia
Reversible cellular injury usually results in ____ or ____ accumulation
Swelling or fatty
If this increases, it activates a number of enzymes with potentially damaging effects
Calcium
Coagulation Necrosis
Acidosis develops and denatures the enzymatic and structural proteins of the cell
Rare fatal genetic disorder caused by mutation in the LMNA gene, which effects the proteins in structure of nucleus
Hutchinson- Gilford progeria syndrome
Why does chronically damaged tissue result in calcification?
(Dystrophic calcification)- derived from crystalline calcium phosphates.
The calcium deoposits are derived from the bodies of dear/dying cells and circulation of interstitial fluid. As tissues die, the calcium crystallizes and deposits form.
5 Categories of Cellular Injury
- ) Physical Agents- Mechanical forces, Temp extreme, electricity
- ) Radiation- Nonionizing, ionizing, UV
- ) Chemical- Drugs, Mercury, Lead
- )Biologic Agents- viruses, bacteria
- ) Nutritional
3 Major Mechanisms of Cell Injury
- ) Free Radical formation
- ) Hypoxia
- ) Disruption of intracellular calcium homeostasis
How can oxidative stress cause damage and why is it a concern?
Oxidative stress leads to the oxidation of cell components, changes in gene and protein expression, and activation of signal transduction pathways.
Why does Hypoxia create acidosis? And how does acidosis damage the cell?
As O2 decreases, the cells oxidative metabolism slows down. In order to make ATP with no O2, the cell reverts to anaerobic metabolism. Anaerobic metabolism creates lactic acid, which lowers the PH in a cell.
Acidosis reduces protein conformation= result in loss of enzyme function.
What are the 2 pathways for Apoptosis?
Extrinsic (death receptors needed) and Intrinsic
Lead toxicity leads to:
Demyelination of cerebral and cerebellar white matter in brain
