Chapter 26 Flashcards
In order to maintain homeostasis, the kidneys do what?
fluid volume, electrolytes, acid-base balance
Kidneys secret:
renin, Erythropoetin, Calcitrol (active form of vitamin D)
kidney functions (4)
- Filtration
- Reabsorption
- Secretion
- Excretion
when kidneys fail:
- less waste is removed
- can’t regulate fluid, electrolyte, PH balance
- Nitrogenous waste builds up (BUN, creatinine)
Renal function is approximated by testing the blood levels of what?
- BUN levels (blood urea nitrogen)
2. Creatinine levels (metabolic waste from muscle breakdown)
Acute Kidney Failure is usually ___
secondary to another disease or cause.
heart failure, dehydration, etc
What is secondary to diabetes and ^BP?
chronic kidney disease
* destroys nephrons and cant filter GFR
The most common form of AKI is?
Prerenal injury
- caused by decreased blood flow and is usually reversible
- shock, dehydration, vasoconstriction
Which type of kidney injury is caused by obstruction of some form?
Postrenal Injury
- obstruction below kidney: ureter, bladder, urethra
- enlarged prostate, tumors, stones
Intrinsic or Intrarenal injury is a result of what?
Acute Tubular necrosis
*death of epithelial cells in kidney tubules
Ischemia, toxins, intratubular obstruction
What are the 3 phases of ATN (acute tubular necrosis)
- Initiating phase- damage has happened
- Maintenance phase- oliguria, ^waste products, edema
- Recovery phase - tissue remodeling
What happens in tubular obstruction during acute tubular necrosis?
- castes are made
- clumping together of dead epithelial cells obstructs tubules
There are ___ stages of kidney disease
5
Stage 1: still able to compensate
Stage 5: GFR <15mL/minute
Chronic Kidney Manifestation
- Uremia/Azotemia #1
- altered fluid/electrolyte/ acid-base balance
- cardiovascular problems
- GI disorders
In chronic kidney disease, the kidneys lose their ability to reabsorb ____
Sodium: Salt water wasting