China and Japan - Warlord Era Flashcards
When was the first Sino-Japanese War?
1894-1895
When was the Russo-Japanese War?
1904-1905
When was the Boxer Rebellion?
1898-1901
Who starts the Boxer Rebellion?
Chinese nationalists who are angry at the gov’t for allowing foreign powers to have influence in China.
What does the Manchu gov’t think of the Boxer Rebellion?
They are initially opposed, but end up supporting the rebellion.
Which countries formed the 8-power alliance to put down the Boxer Rebellion?
Britain
Russia
Japan
France
USA
Germany
Italy
Austria-Hungary
Give 4 reasons why Chinese culture was weakening in the early 20th century.
- Schools offering Western-style education
- Chinese students studying abroad
- European books translated to Chinese
- Traditional examination system abolished (1905)
How was China industrialized?
Coal, iron, and cotton factories developed.
Transport infrastructure improved (roads/railways)
What was Sun Yat-sen’s alternate name?
Sun Yixian
What did Sun Yat-sen want in China?
A modern China with a democratic gov’t and reform.
When was the Revive China Society founded?
1894
When was the Tongmenghui founded?
1905
What does Tongmenghui mean?
Revolutionary alliance
What was the aim of the Tongmenghui?
To overthrow the dynasty and establish a republic gov’t
When did Sun Yat-sen flee China?
1895
What did Sun Yat-sen do after he fled China?
Toured the USA and Europe to raise money for the Save China League
When did Empress Tzu-Hsi die?
1908
When did the Wuchang soldiers start a revolution?
Oct. 1911
What is the name of the Wuchang soldier’s revolution?
Xinhai revolution
What did Yuan Shih-kai do after he came out of retirement?
He became PM for the Manchu Dynasty and gained control of the Beiyang army.
What did Sun Yat-sen form when he returned to China?
The Kuomintang (KMT)
When was Yat-sen elected Provisional President of China?
Dec. 1911
When was the Republic of China established?
Jan. 1912
Where was the Republic of China based?
Nanking
When is Yuan declared President of the Republic of China?
Mar. 1912
How are Yuan and Sun’s backgrounds different?
Yuan has a military background and Sun has an educational background
How are Yuan and Sun’s political beliefs different?
Yuan is more opposed to reform and wants to keep China more traditional and Sun wants lots of reform and a democratic China.
Who was Sung Chiao-Jen?
KMT Chairman who was going to be PM of China before his assassination in 1913.
When did Yuan become a dictator/emperor?
1915
How long was Yuan emperor for?
83 days
Who became president of China after Yuan?
Li Yuan-Hung
What did China disintegrate into after Yuan’s death?
Lots of warlord states
What were warlords driven by?
Gaining wealth and power
How many Chinese were unemployed by 1925?
168 million
What were the 2 main reasons why the warlord’s armies grew between 1916 and 1928?
Chinese army dissolved after Yuan resigned.
Warlords allowed soldiers to retain what they looted/stole.
Why did the warlords want control of the gov’t in Peking?
It had access to foreign loans and customs revenue.
Which warlord controlled the Shanxi Province?
Yan Xishain
Why was Yan Xishain different from the other warlords?
He avoided conflicts with other warlords and introduced reforms such as improved education for girls.
Where was Sun’s KMT gov’t based?
Canton
When was the New Culture Movement formed?
1915
Who was in the New Culture Movement?
Chinese intellectuals and writers.
What did the Chinese intellectuals argue about China’s future?
Reform was essential to China’s survival
Why is it hard to change the Chinese culture?
- Requires mass education
- Rigid class system in place
- Unquestioning obedience to those in power
Give 4 reasons why it would be beneficial for China to adopt Western culture.
- China could industrialize
- End foreign interference
- Destroy warlord’s power
- Reunify China
When was the May Fourth Movement?
May 4, 1919
Why was China angry at the PPC conference decisions?
Shantung Province awarded to Japan despite China allying with the Western Powers in WW1.
How many students gathered in Peking during the May 4th Movement?
5000
What were the Peking students protesting?
Japanese occupation of Shantung
Weakness of China’s National Gov’t
Twenty-One Demands
What did the gov’t do against the May 4th Movement?
Dispersed protesters
Arrested almost 40 of its leaders
Workers in which city went on a week-long general strike in support of the May 4th protesters?
Shanghai
How many workers in Shanghai went on strike?
100 000
What was the positive impact of the May 4th Movement?
China refused to sign PPS so Shantung Province was given to China.
How did the May 4th Movement not actually do that much?
China’s gov’t had little authority to enforce decisions.
Chinese warlords made deals with Japan in Shantung Province so Japan still had effective control.
When was the CCP founded?
1921
Who established the CCP?
Chen Duxiu
Who did the CCP connect with that helped them to grow?
Soviet Russia
When was Comintern founded?
Mar. 1919
Why did Soviet Russia want to support China?
They wanted to spread communism around the world and saw China as ready for a revolution.
When was the First United Front established?
1923
What was the First United Front between?
The KMT and the CCP
Who was Adolf Joffe?
A Russian diplomat who worked with Sun Yat-sen to form the First United Front.
Where was the KMT’s military academy established?
Whampoa
Who was chosen to head the Whampoa Military Academy?
Chiang Kai-Shek (Jiang Jieshi)
What was Chiang’s brief for the KMT military?
- Ensure KMT could defend against warlord armies.
- Expand power base outside Canton area.
What was the relationship like between Sun Yat-sen and Chiang Kai-Shek?
They were close friends.
How were the backgrounds of Sun Yat-sen and Chiang Kai-Shek different?
Sun:
- Son of Peasant farmer
- Lots of time in the West
- Intellectual
- Believed in democracy and reform
Chiang:
- Son of wealthy landowner
- Educated in China and Japan
- Soldier
- Opposed to fundamental changes in China’s traditions
What did Chiang Kai-Shek and Sun Yat-sen have in common?
- Chinese nationalism
- Unified China
- China free from foreign influence
What were Sun Yat-sen’s Three Principles?
- Nationalism
- Democracy
- Social + Economic Reform
Who was attracted to the CCP in China?
Peasants
Factory workers
Why did Sun rely on Russia for support?
Russia treated China as an equal.
Russia had the best advice to remove foreign influence.
When did Sun Yat-sen die?
1925
Who becomes leader of the KMT after Sun Yat-sen?
Chiang Kai-Shek
What was the KMT army called?
The National Revolutionary Army (NRA)
When was the Canton Purge?
Mar. 20, 1926
What happened in the Canton Purge?
Chiang removed communists from key positions in the KMT and declared himself the leader of the KMT.
When did the planning start for the Northern Expedition?
1922
When did the Northern Expedition begin?
July 1926
What was the Northern Expedition?
A military advance by the KMT northwards through China.
How did Russia support the KMT?
Financial support.
Soviet advisors who gave advice on organisation and military.
Who was Wang Ching-wei?
A leader in the KMT who was close to Sun Yat-sen and started his own gov’t in Wuhan by 1927.
Where was Chiang Kai-Shek’s seat of government?
Nanchang
When did the KMT take Peking?
1928
When was the Jinan Incident?
Early May 1928
What was the Jinan Incident?
KMT forces and Japanese Imperial Army clashed in Shantung province and thousands of KMT soldiers and Chinese citizens died.
Was Chiang for or against the CCP?
Against
