2.3 Attempts to improve international relations 1924-29 Flashcards
Give 2 reasons why international relations remained high in 1924.
French and Belgian troops occupying the Ruhr.
Countries challenging PPC decisions.
Which nations were not included in the LoN in the beginning?
Russia
USA
Those defeated in WW1
What is the Gold Standard?
Currency linked to the value of gold that gives it international credibility.
Why did countries leave the Gold Standard?
So they could print more money.
Who was the French Minister of Reconstruction?
Louis Loucheur
Who was the British Minister of Reconstruction?
Christopher Addison
When did Britain return to the Gold Standard?
1925
When did France return to the Gold Standard?
1926
When did Italy return to the Gold Standard?
1927
Why was the USA the world’s leading economy after WW1? [5]
i) No fighting on American soil
ii) Industries and infrastructure remained intact
iii) Gained new markets
iv) War caused increased manufacturing production and efficiency
v) Repayment of war debts from European allies
When was the London Conference held?
1924
Who attended the London Conference?
USA, Britain, France, Italy, Belgium
What was created during the London Conference?
The Dawes Plan
What were the 4 main elements of the Dawes Plan?
- French + Belgian troops withdraw from Ruhr ASAP and area returns to German control
- German reparations restructured. Full amount the same, yearly amount whatever German could afford.
- Germany’s national bank (Reichstag) restructured and supervised by other countries.
- Germany received foreign loan (mainly USA) to help it grow economy to pay its reparations.
How did the Dawes Plan change France’s attitude towards Germany?
Before: Hard-line attitude. Germany must pay fully and quickly.
After: Willing to compromise for the sake of Europe.
When was the Locarno Conference?
1925
Where was the Locarno Conference?
Locarno, Switzerland
What did Germany, France, and Belgium agree on at the Locarno Conference?
Their borders.
What was the Treaty of Mutual Guarantee?
Britain and Italy would aid any country that was attacked in violation of the Locarno Treaty.
Why was the Treaty of Mutual Guarantee important for France?
It gives France security knowing that Britain would aid them if Germany attacked.
What sort of approach did Mussolini take at Locarno?
Cautious, diplomatic approach.
Why did Mussolini take a more cautious approach at Locarno?
Italy’s actions in Corfu and Fiume in 1923 had caused concern in Europe. It was the only fascist nation at Locarno and didn’t want to be isolated.
Who was Gustav Stresemann?
German Foreign Minister (1923-1929)
Who was Aristide Briand?
French Foreign Minister and Prime Minister
What territories did Stresemann concede?
Alsace, Lorraine, Malmedy, and Eupen
When was Germany accepted into the LoN?
1926
When was the Kellogg-Briand Pact?
- Came into effect on July 24, 1929
Who proposed the Kellogg-Briand Pact?
Briand (FFM)
What did signing the Kellogg-Briand Pact entail?
Renouncing war and agreeing to peaceful settlements.
What were two downfalls of the Kellogg-Briand Pact?
- No steps for what to do if the Pact was broken so it was effectively worthless.
- The USA didn’t have to attack anyone who broke the Pact so they retained their isolationist policy.
When was the Young Plan?
1929
Who chaired the committee for the Young Plan?
US banker Owen Young
What was in the Young Plan?
Reduced final reparations sum for Germany from 6.6 billion euros to 2.2 billion euros.
Who did France start allying with in the 1920s to gain more security?
Eastern European countries
Poland (1921)
Czechoslovakia (1924)
Romania (1926)
Yugoslavia (1927)
What was the Little Entente?
An alliance of smaller Eastern European countries that was backed by France.
When did France and Russia restore diplomatic relations?
1924
When was the Berlin Pact?
1926
What was the Berlin Pact?
Extended Rapallo Pact (Germany and Russia) for another 5 years.
