China 3 - Social and Cultural Change 1949-76

Question 1

When was the New Marriage Law?

Answer 1

1950

Question 2

When was Land Reform?

Answer 2

1950

Question 3

When were the Reunification Campaigns?

Answer 3

1950

Question 4

When were winter schools?

Answer 4

1951-52

Question 5

When was the Religious Affairs Department created?

Answer 5

1951

Question 6

When was the Chinese Buddhist Association created?

Answer 6

1953

Question 7

When was the Religious Affairs Bureau created?

Answer 7

1954

Question 8

When were new college entrance exams?

Answer 8

1958

Question 9

When did the Dalai Lama flee?

Answer 9

1959

Question 10

When were barefoot doctors?

Answer 10

1965

Question 11

When did Jiang Qing become cultural advisor to the military?

Answer 11

1966

Question 12

When did national college entrance exams end?

Answer 12

1966

Question 13

When was ‘Up to the Mountains, Down to the Villages’?

Answer 13

1967

Question 14

When did university entrance exams resume?

Answer 14

1973

Question 15

When was the ‘Criticise Lin, Criticise Confucius Campaign’?

Answer 15

1973

Question 16

What did Mao say about women?

Answer 16

Women hold up half the sky

Question 17

When was Zhou Enlai honoured?

Answer 17

During the Qing Ming festival in 1976

Question 18

What was the impact of the Women’s Association?

Answer 18

Fertility rose and infant mortality declined

Question 19

What were the three obedience’s?

Answer 19

Father, husband and son

Question 20

How many girls were literate before 1949?

Answer 20

1%

Question 21

How did arranged marriages decrease?

Answer 21

1940s - 30.6%
1966-76 - 0.8%
(exceptions in the PLA)

Question 22

What did the new marriage law achieve?

Answer 22

Legal equality, right to divorce, ended dowries and ended child marriages

Question 23

How did the economic policies discriminate against women?

Answer 23

Abuse, lower work points and double burden

Question 24

How many people were in the Women’s Association?

Answer 24

76 million

Question 25

How many female party cadres were there?

Answer 25

1958-66 = 8-12%
1970-74 = 16-21%

Question 26

How many girls completed primary education after 1959?

Answer 26

100% (compared to 38% before)

Question 27

How did the PLA support women’s rights?

Answer 27

Provided opportunities at military academies (but expected recruits to marry PLA soldiers)

Question 28

Before 1949, how many people couldn’t read a simple letter?

Answer 28

30% males
1% females

Question 29

How many of the population were illiterate in 1952?

Answer 29

78%

Question 30

How many people attended winter schools?

Answer 30

42 million

Question 31

How much did the number of children attending primary school increase from 1949-57?

Answer 31

From 26 to 64 million

Question 32

How many students were on engineering, medical or agricultural courses by 1953?

Answer 32

63%

Question 33

Why was education disrupted?

Answer 33

Loss of educators during the purges, ‘half work, half study’ campaign and schools closed during the cultural revolution and ‘up to the mountains, down to the villages’

Question 34

What was introduced to simplify language?

Answer 34

Pinyin

Question 35

What was the result of the Patriotic Health Campaigns?

Answer 35

Smallpox, cholera, typus, TB and parasitic diseases greatly reduced, focus on prevention and campaigns against triad drug gangs lowered the number of drug addicts

Question 36

How many western style hospitals were built during the GLF?

Answer 36

800

Question 37

How much did life expectancy increase from 1949-57?

Answer 37

From 20 to 57

Question 38

How much did the number of doctors increase?

Answer 38

40,000 (in 1949) to 150,000 (1965)

Question 39

How were the barefoot doctors trained?

Answer 39

6 month basic training - no specialisation

Question 40

What was Qing Ming festival replaced by?

Answer 40

National Memorial Day

Question 41

How was Confucianism attacked during the CR?

Answer 41

Confucius’ birthplace attacked and Confucian ideas used to attack opponents (Liu and Deng)

Question 42

How was Buddhism attacked under the CR?

Answer 42

It was less organised and easier to attack. Monks targeted early on, temples taken over, Buddhist land redistributed under Land Reform. Tibet targeted in reunification campaign and anti-rightists campaign and as one of the ‘4 olds’ during the
Cultural Revolution.

Question 43

How much did the number of protestant missionaries decrease by?

Answer 43

1949 = 3000
1953 = <100

Question 44

How was Christianity attacked during the CR?

Answer 44

Protestants urged to create Patriotic
Church Movement. Church schools & hospitals closed or taken over by government. Catholics loyal to Pope. Catholic nuns accused of starving and torturing children and hospitals of experimenting on patients. Wearing of rosaries/crucifixes banned in some places.

Question 45

How was Islam targeted during the CR?

Answer 45

Mosques and schools taken over. More resistance from Muslims. Islamic Association of China set up to encourage co-operation with the government. Imams = threat
to authority. Han migration encouraged to dilute population. Further destruction during
Cultural Revolution. Religious leaders targeted and given demeaning roles. Government was more conciliatory and therefore Islam endured better than other religious groups.