Children in a Culturally Diverse Society - Co-sleeping Flashcards
refers to the primary care provider whether natural, adoptive, relational (grandparents, aunts, uncles, cousins), or those who are unrelated but who function as primary providers of care and/or parent surrogates for varying periods of time.
Parent
There are important factors that influence the population of children:
Racial and ethnic
o poverty
o Health status
o Growth and development
o Infant attachment
o Crying
In Canada, most immigrants reside in one of the major metropolitan areas:
Toronto, Vancouver, and Montreal
According to the 2016 Census, _____ immigrants (588,305) were the third largest foreign-born group in Canada.
Filipino
has a cumulative effect on children’s health throughout their lives, and illness in adulthood is generally the result of early health-related occurrences that accumulated over time.
Poverty
When poverty affects the health lifestyle of a child during first 2 years of life this will result to damage in the _______ and __________ system.
neurological and musculoskeletal system
Research links poverty to numerous risks and disadvantages for children, including
increased abuse, neglect, and lower reading scores, overall less success in the classroom, failure, delinquency, malnutrition, and violence.
True or False
Financial status is influenced by many factors, including access to health services.
False
Health status is influenced by many factors, including access to health services.
Indicators of child health status include birth weight, infant mortality, and immunization rates.
Children health status
Barriers to quality health care services for children
- Poverty
- Geography
- Lack of cultural competence of health care providers
- Racism and other form of prejudices.
True or False
Throughout life, culture exerts an all-pervasive influence on the developing infant, child, and adolescent.
True
True or False
Researchers who have worked in other cultures have become convinced that human functioning can be separated from the cultural and more immediate context in which children develop (Chen & Eisenberg, 2012).
False
Researchers who have worked in other cultures have become convinced that human functioning cannot be separated from the cultural and more immediate context in which children develop (Chen & Eisenberg, 2012).
In general, African American and White children are _______, followed by Native Americans; Asian children are the _____.
tallest
shortest
White North American youth age 12 to 18 years are ______ pounds heavier and _ inches taller than Filipino youths the same age.
22 to 33 lbs
6 inches
Growth and development differences might due to
diet, climate, and social milieu (Overfield, 1995).
mothers have less intervention as child plays to encourage exploration and independence.
German and Anglo- American
_________ mothers displays close relationship with children.
Japanese, Puerto Rican and Dominican
Cultural variation that could affect infant attachment and good parenting:
Parental socialization
- Values
- Beliefs
- Goals
- Behaviours
- Moving from rural to urban
- Lifestyle
focuses on relationships and bonds (particularly long-term) between people, including those between a parent and child and between romantic partners. It is a psychological explanation for the emotional bonds and relationships between people.
Attachment theory
From birth to 3 months, infants do not show any particular attachment to a specific caregiver. The infant’s signals, such as crying and fussing, naturally attract the attention of the caregiver and the baby’s positive responses encourage the caregiver to remain close.
Pre-Attachment Stage
Between 6 weeks of age to 7 months, infants begin to show preferences for primary and secondary caregivers. Infants develop trust that the caregiver will respond to their needs. While they still accept care from others, infants start distinguishing between familiar and unfamiliar people, responding more positively to the primary caregiver.
Indiscriminate Attachment
At this point, from about 7 to 11 months of age, infants show a strong attachment and preference for one specific individual. They will protest when separated from the primary attachment figure (separation anxiety), and begin to display anxiety around strangers (stranger anxiety).
Discriminate Attachment
After approximately 9 months of age, children begin to form strong emotional bonds with other caregivers beyond the primary attachment figure. This often includes a second parent, older siblings, and grandparent
Multiple Attachments
These children become very distressed when a parent leaves. As a result of poor parental availability, these children cannot depend on their primary caregiver to be there when they need them.
Ambivalent attachment
This attachment style might be a result of abusive or neglectful caregivers. Children who are punished for relying on a caregiver will learn to avoid seeking help in the future.
Avoidant attachment
These children display a confusing mix of behavior, seeming disoriented, dazed, or confused. They may avoid or resist the parent. Lack of a clear attachment pattern is likely linked to inconsistent caregiver behavior
Disorganized attachment
Children who can depend on their caregivers show distress when separated and joy when reunited. Although the child may be upset, they feel assured that the caregiver will return. This is the most common attachment style.
Secure attachment
Who theorized the attachment theory?
John Bowlby and Mary Ainsworth
How do infants communicate when they are distressed?
Through crying (same)
valued and nurtured; represent the promise of future generations.
Infants and children
Childrearing behaviors among families from diverse cultures
- Nutrition
- Sleep
- Elimination
- Menstruation
- Parent– child relationships and discipline
- Child abuse
- Cross-cultural differences concerning gender
_______ food for young children in the belief that this will facilitate digestion
Pre-masticate or Chew
Pre-masticate or chew are reportedly common in
Black and Hispanic mothers
True or False
Pre-masticated food may transmit infections from mother’s mouth to baby
True
world’s greatest food-producing nation
United States
not enough essential nutrients or nutrients excreted too rapidly
Undernutrition
eating too much of the wrong food or not excreting enough food
Overnutrition
What cultural groups considers “fat babies” are healthy babies?
Filipino
Vietnamese
Somali
Hispanic American
Mexican
some African tribes (Igbo and Yoruba in Nigeria)
Somali and Berber women
Hispanic mothers
They consider mild to moderate obesity in children as sign of affluence
Igbo and Yoruba in Nigeria
lower nutrients, high-fat, high calorie food
empty calories
Recovery might be enhanced by familiar food
Hospitalized child
children should be fed separately from adults should acquire “good table manners” by the time they are 5 years old
Asian parents
viewed as punishment for an evil act
Illness
abstaining from solid food and sometimes liquids is viewed as penance for evil
Fasting
How to prevent waterborne diseases in children?
few drops of bleach or safe water supply
Practice of a child sleeping with another person on the same sleeping surface for all or part of the night.
Bed Sharing
Practice of parents and children sleeping together in the same bed for all or part of the night.
Co-sleeping
True or False
Co-sleeping is more common and occurs most frequently among African American families.
True
True or False
Most White middle-class North American and European families believe that infants and children should sleep alone.
True
No negative associations between co-sleeping during the toddler years and behavior and cognition at _ years of age.
5
