Child Development L4

Question 1

What are the key components of social development?

Answer 1

1. Forming bonds with people
2. Learning to behave in social acceptable ways
3. Learning to be good friends and allies
4. Learning to deal with adversaries

Question 2

What is Attatchment?

Answer 2

An emotional and social bond between infant and caregiver that spans both time and space

Question 3

Describe Social Learning Theory

Answer 3

The idea that we learn to do things by watching others.

Question 4

Social Learning Theory can also be described as a sort of ____

Answer 4

Deferred Imitation

Question 5

How is Social Development achieved?

Answer 5

• Social Learning Theory
• Cognitive Development Theory
• Parents
• Peer relationships

Question 6

Describe the Cognitive Development Theory

Answer 6

The idea that social development is driven by cognitive development.

Question 7

Describe how parenting influences social development

Answer 7

Children imitate their parents, children form attachments to their parents. Children are influenced by parenting styles

Question 8

What are the two dimensions of parenting styles

Answer 8

1. Demandingness

2. Responsiveness

Question 9

Give the four parenting styles and describe their dimensions

Answer 9

Authoritative (demanding and responsive)
Authoritarian (demanding and unresponsive)
Permissive (undemanding and responsive)
Disengaged (undemanding and unresponsive)

Question 10

What are a few important things to consider when analyzing the influence of parenting on social development

Answer 10

• Principle of minimal sufficiency.

- Parental style is a two way street.

Question 11

What is the principle of minimal sufficiency?

Answer 11

The teaching principle that the consequences for bad decisions should only be as harsh as they need be. When teaching children, this means your child will internalize moral rules the best if you are only as harsh with consequence as you need to be - harsher is not better.

Question 12

Why is parental style a two way street?

Answer 12

Because certain children incite certain parenting styles - some may need a stricter influence, others a more forgiving one etc.

Question 13

Describe a peer relationship.

Answer 13

A friendship. How your friends influence your behavior.

Question 14

What are the two elements of emotional development?

Answer 14

1. Understanding others’ feelings

2. Emotional Regulation

Question 15

How do children often understand others’ feelings or regulate their emotions?

Answer 15

Via the influence of their parents, ie the parent will provide a distraction to help the child deal with negative emotion, or the parent will ask the child to consider how others’ feel

Question 16

When undergoing moral development, children first learn to _______, then they learn to actively do _____

Answer 16

1. Not do what is wrong

2. Do what is right

Question 17

How do children learn what is morally wrong?

Answer 17

1. By consequence. If I bite my sister I’ll get time out.

2. Then they start to internalize moral rules about right or wrong

Question 18

How did Kohlberg formulate his Theory of Moral Development?

Answer 18

He studied boys between the ages of 10 and 17.
He presented them with moral scenarios.
He asked them to evaluate the scenarios

Question 19

What are the three levels of Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Development?

Answer 19

1. Preconventional Level
2. Conventional Level
3. Post-Conventional Level

Question 20

What are the stages of the pre-conventional level?

Answer 20

Stage 1 - Morality of punishment and obedience

Stage 2 - Morality of naive instrumental hedonism

Question 21

What are the stages of the conventional level?

Answer 21

Stage 3 - Morality of maintaining good relations

Stage 4 - Morality of maintaining social order

Question 22

what are the stages of the post conventional level?

Answer 22

Stage 5 - Morality of social contracts

Stage 6 - Morality of universal ethical principles

Question 23

Describe the pre-conventional level.

Answer 23

Behavior based on external factors, such as authority or punishment.

Question 24

Describe the conventional level.

Answer 24

Understanding that the social system has an interest in people’s behaviors - ie that friendships are built on good faith and society is built upon order. Behavior is guided by what other people think.

Question 25

Describe the post-conventional level.

Answer 25

Understanding that authority figures are relative, and moral principles are arbitrary. The value of human life is a socially decided contract.

Question 26

What are some things that it is important to consider when evaluating Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Development?

Answer 26

1. If you change the wording of the scenario to emphasize different parts, you get a vast change in response and therefore categorization.
2. Moral Development seems more like a spectrum then the sequential process he described.
3. Cultural and gender bias - different cultures hold different things as more important with regards to morals, and therefore might answer differently.
4. Whether or not people’s behavior in real life actually reflects their stage in Kohlberg’s development sequence is very unclear. Ie people say they would do one thing for the purposes of the test but don’t actually do that in real life.

Question 27

What is empathetic distress? How do children learn to change with time?

Answer 27

If another person gets upset they will get upset

• Then learn to help, give what they would want in the same situation
• Overtime realize what you want is different to what they would want
• And that helping someone else might make you worse off