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Psychology > Child > Flashcards

Child Flashcards

1
Q

what is deprivation?

A

the loss of attachment that has been formed with a caregiver.

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2
Q

what is Privation?

A

extreme case of deprivation when an attachment is never formed, this can occur through neglect.

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3
Q

what was the aim of Bowlby’s theory ( 44 thieves)

A

to see if there was an association between delinquency and maternal deprivation

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4
Q

what were some procedure points of Bowlby’s study

A

he used 44 juvenile thieves and 44 of a control group.
he gathered data using interviews, case history and psych testing to try look for patterns in their backgrounds

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5
Q

what were the results of Bowlby’s study

A

Bowlby found that 14 of the thieves were classified as ‘affection less’, 17 had experienced maternal deprivation.
2/44 of the thieves seemed normal. the rest had abnormal characters

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6
Q

strengths of Bowlby’s study

A

used both qualitative and quantitative data using different methods- valid
with matched control group he was able to draw strong conclusions

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7
Q

weaknesses of Bowlby’s study

A

lacks generalisability ( also 70 years old)
only 17 had suffered deprivation.
bias

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8
Q

what are some main features of Bowlby’s theory

A
  • a child has an innate need to form an attachment to one person
    -broken attachment leads to delinquency
    -the strong first relationship should not be broken till at least 2 years
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9
Q

what does ASCMI stand for in Bowlby’s theory

A

Adaptive - more likely to survive
Social releases - baby face makes adults love
Critical period - birth to 2.5 years
Monotropy - form one specific bond
Internal working model - experiences influence how chid interacts

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10
Q

strengths of Bowlby’s theory

A

ATS - hospitals now allow parents to stay with infants
supporting study of 44 thieves

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11
Q

weaknesses of Bowlby’s theory

A

Bowlby uses both animal study and his own studies to support his work - not valid + bias
Bowlby suggests only one attachment is made when is is seen infants make many attachments

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12
Q

what are the three attachments types

A

Type A - insecure avoidant
Type B - securely attached
Type C - insecure resistant

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13
Q

what is type A attachment

A

Insecure avoidant - plays with strangers regardless, has no emotion to mothers absence and return

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14
Q

what is Type B attachment

A

secure attachment - indifferent to stranger is mothers presence. becomes upset when mother leaves and his happy when she returns

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15
Q

what is Type C attachment

A

Insecure resistant - stays close to mother rather than exploring, extreme distress when other leaves and on return wants comfort but rejects and shows aggression

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16
Q

what was the procedure of the SSP (Ainsworth 1955)

A

26 families
8 phases that lasted 3 mins each. these included mother sitting with infant with a display of toys.
stranger enters room and interacts with both mother and child.
mother leaves and mother returns.

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17
Q

results of Ainsworth’s study

A

70% of infants were securely attached and 15% each were Type A and C

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18
Q

strengths of Ainsworth’s study

A

reliable - standardised
has some task validity

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19
Q

weaknesses of Ainsworth’s study

A

lacks ecological validity
not generalisable as only US and 26 middle class white families

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20
Q

what did Grossman find out about German attachement

A

33% infants were securely attached. most were Type A at 49%

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21
Q

what did Ierzendoorn and Krookenberg find out about cultural difference

A

Japanese shows high levels insecure resistant due to the culture of mothers always having the infant on or around them (27.1%)

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22
Q

what are the short term effects of deprivation

A

Protest - child will refuse comfort from other adults
Despair - child will become withdrawn and star to self soothe
Detachment - child regains interest and accepts comfort from other adults

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23
Q

long term effects of deprivation

A

Bowlby’s study showed delinquency

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24
Q

Robertson and Robertson on deprivation

A

observed an infant named John who was left for 9 days at a hospital.
protested and cried then was shown to hug his teddy. when returned to his mother, John ignored her showing detachment

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25
how to reduce negative effects of deprivation
short term affects can be resolved by return of the caregiver. short term separation can be eased by replacement of attachment figure
26
Koluchova(72) Czech twins
identical boys after mothers death was placed in care of father and stepmother. stepmother regularly beat them and locked them in a dark cupboard. twins found at 7 with rickets and appeared mentally retarded.
27
results of Czech twins
went to school for children with severe learning difficulties and overtime began to catch up with children their own age and went to normal School. at 20 they were in relationships and working.
28
strengths of the Czech twins
used various methods of gathering data, e.g iq testing and interviews. study was longitudinal
29
weaknesses of the Czech twins
they had each other, so could attach to one another, may mean they were able to develop normally.
30
case of Genie
Genie's father isolated Genie completely, had nothing but a potty and cot and cotton reels. her parents neglected her and she was regularly beaten for making sounds. she was discovered at 13 looking like a 6 yr old
31
results of Genie
sever physical and intellectual retardation. over time she developed some language but was severely delayed and she was not capable of forming full sentences.
32
weaknesses of Genie
she never recovered from her initial privation, questioning the reversibility privation. no suggestion of development issues in infancy, unable to know if the lack of development was due to inherent problems or her experiences.
32
strengths of Genie
qualitative and quantitative analysis was used making data valid. was a longitudinal study.
32
what is a daycare
day care is when a child is looked after by a child-minder or daycare provider throughout the day.
33
what was the aim of Andersons study in childcare
to track the development of 119 children up to their 8th birthday.
34
what was the realty of Andersons study
children had more friends and were more outgoing than those who were late entry.
35
what was the aim of NICHD study (childcare)
to look at the effect of childcare on children and on young people
36
what was the procedure if NICHD study
longitude study involving 1200 us children looking at the impact on social, intelectual and language development
37
what were the results of NICHD
children who attended high quality day care were better academically although they were more likely to have behavioural issues.
38
what is the contemporary study in child psychology
Li et al
39
what is the aim of Li et al
to see if high quality childcare during both the infant toddle and preschool periods would be associated with higher cognitive, language and pre academic performance.
40
what is the procedure of Li et al
1364 Northern US families assessed at 6,15,24,36,54 months using ORCE 44 minute observations took place over 2 days. teenage mothers, non fluent English speaking mothers and disabled children were excluded from the study.
41
what were the results of Li et al
The quality of infant toddler care had no significant effect on memory or language at 54 months old higher quality infant-toddler care was associated with a higher quality cognitive score at 24 months old
42
strengths of Li et al
ATS important to reduce in equality various data collection methods, both qualitative and quantitative
43
weaknesses of Li et al
no generalisable, study favoured white middle class US families. oversimplified the catorgarisation of care, did not distinguish between different types of care
44
what is the aim of our study
to compare the difference in the positive experience ratings of childcare of children ages 0-24 months and 25 months to 4 years, as reported by parents
45
what was the sampling method of our study
volunteer
46
what were some procedure points of our study
emailing questionnaires to parents in the Kingswood community. 5 closed questions using a likhert scale.
47
what statistic test did we use for our stud and what was the result
chi squared and value observed was 22.5
48
strengths of our study
- reliable, well controlled procedure - study was ethical as we used right to withdraw
49
weaknesses of our study
- not generalisable as only used our school community - only used closed questions so not in depth
50
how many people suffer with autism, and which gender is most likely to get it
1 in a 100, boys more likely to get in than girls
51
when is autism typically diagnosed
18 months to 4 years.
52
what are some signs of ASD
social and language development issues such as theory of mind and taking things literally.
53
who came up with the biological explanation for Autism
Baron-Cohen
54
what was Baron Cohens explanation for autism
the extreme male brain
55
features of the extreme male brain theory
- autistic people have a larger amygdala at an early stage with less activity - autistic people have a smaller corpus callosum - autistic people have a heavier brain
56
strengths of the biological explanation for autism
-Kennedy et al case study of a dysfunctional amygdala lead patient to prefer space in social situations - Baron Cohen found boys were better at systemising and preferring systematic toys.
57
weaknesses of the biological explanation for autism
-falter et al did not find a link between finger length and autism
58
what's does PECS stand for
picture exchange communication system
59
who came up with PECS
Bondy and Frost
60
who did PECS help
people with limited or no vocal speech, to develop functional communication
61
what is the procedure of PECS
stage 1 - physical exchange, learning to generalise objects to pictures using teachers stage 2 - increasing independence by putting pictures in a binder stage 3 - learning to discriminate by increasing the range of pictures stage 4 - sentence structure by putting pictures into a sentence. stage 5 - answering direct question such as what do u want stage 6 - expanding questions to include social ones.
62
strengths of PECS
- evidence to show improvement in communication skills. -very accessible to children of all levels -relatively portable
63
weaknesses of PECS
- Flippin, no evidence that improvement was maintained - no evidence that it lead to spoken language
64
what is the second explanation for autism
Baron-Cohen theory of mind
65
what does theory of mind refer to
theory of mind refers to how children after the age of about 3 are able to understand that other people have different thoughts from the child.
66
what is believed about autistic children and theory of mind
autistic children have an inability to read other' intentions, which would explain social interaction
67
what was the important test to suggest theory of mind
the sally and Anne test
68
what did the sally and Anne test include
a child watches two dolls, where sally puts a marble in a box. this is then moved by Anne without sally knowing. the child is then asked where sally will look for her marble
69
who were the Pp's for the sally and Anne test
21 with autism 11 with Down syndrome 27 without Developmental issues.
70
what were the findings of the sally and Anne test
only the children with autism failed
71
strengths of theory of mind
- Baron Cohen used different compare groups in sally and Anne - Hutchins found similar results when studying theory of mind -it explains social interactions
72
weaknesses of theory of mind
Frith et al found that not all people with ASD fail the eye test. does not explain other behaviours such as repetition. not all people with autism failed the sally and Anne test
73
what are the 6 BPS ethical guidelines
- debrief - informed consent - right to withdraw - deception - confidentiality - protection
74
what are the 4 principles of UNCRC
- participation - protection - provision - privacy
75
what extra guidelines where added for ethics to include children
a child is a person under the age of 18 CRC applies to any Child of any ethnicity the top priority is the child's best interest
76
what is one therapy for helping children with autism
CBT
77
what view does CBT take
That autism can be explained by cognitive factors
78
what does CBT focus on
it focus' on adaptive thoughts and schemas to in turn bring about change in behaviour
79
how is CBT useful
is can be useful for children who suffer from anxiety as a symptom o f their autism
80
how is CBT altered for ASD
ASD can have difficulty to recognise emotions, so there is greater emphasis on repetition and visual cues. for example, using a picture of a thermometer to allow a child to rate anxiety levels
81
strengths of CBT
-Soronoff et al, children had less anxiety based on parents report. -Wood, 78.5% improvement compared to 8.7% improvement by control group
82
weaknesses of CBT
requires language and expressing emotion. child has to be verbal
83
what is the classic study
Ijzendoorn and krookenberg
84
what was the aim of the classic study
to investigate the similarities and differences in the ratio of attachment types in different countries
85
what was the procedure of ijzendoorn and Krookenberg
-conducted meta analysis from 32 studies from 8 countries which all did SST -they excluded samples that overlapped or studies that used children aged over 2
86
results of the classic study in child
secure attachment was the most common in all 8 countries - Germany had higher levels of Type A -Japan had higher levels of Type C
87
strengths of Ijzendoorn and Krookenberg
-large sample size in countries so able to compare within countries swell -carefully controlled procedure which makes results comparable
88
Weaknesses of ijzendoorn and Krookenberg
- 3 countries only had 1 study so was unable to compare within countries -ethnocentric bias as study was developed using American values and norms. -many samples used small samples of middle class families.

Psychology (22 decks)

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