Chempath 24: Nutrition Flashcards
List 4 fat soluble vitamins ?
A - retinol
D - cholecalciferol
E - tocopherol
K - phytomenadione
What does vitamin A defficiency cause ?
Colourblindness, poor night vision
What does Vitamin D deficiency cause ?
Osteomalacia / Rickets
What does vitamin E deficiency cause ?
Neuropathy
Anaemia
What does Vitamin K deficiency cause ?
Haemorrhage/ defective clotting
Which tests of coagulation can be used to test for Vitamin K deficiency ?
PT (initially elevated due to FVIIa deficiency
PTT (elevated in more severe deficiency when the intrinsic pathway is also affected)
What does vitamin b12 (cobalamin) deficiency cause ?
Pernicious anaemia
What does vitamin C (ascorbate) deficiency cause ?
Scurvy
What does folate deficiency cause ?
Megaloblastic anaemia
Neural tube defects (if in pregnancy)
What does Niacin (Vit B3) deficiency cause ?
Pellagra
What does vitamin B1 (thiamin) deficiency cause ?
Beri-beri
Wernicke’s encephalopathy
Neuropathy
What is the triad of Pellagra ?
Diarrhoea
Dermatitis
Dementia
(Later death)
What is the difference between wet and dry beriberi ?
Wet
- Mainly affects cardiovascular system
- signs of heart failure (high output)
- SOB
Dry
- Mainly affects peripheral nervous system
- parasthesia
- paralysis
- confusion
- nystagmus
- Wernicke’s encephalopathy
Which medication is given to alcoholics to prevent Wernicke’s encephalopathy ?
Pabrinex (Vitamin B)
What does Iodine deficiency cause ?
Hypothyroidism
Goitre
Which disease is associated with excess copper ?
Wilson’s disease
What does Flouride deficiency cause ?
Dental caries
What does Iron deficiency cause ?
A microcytic hypochromic anaemia
What does leptin do ?
Increases satiety
produced by white adipose tissue
What does ghrelin do ?
Increases hunger
What does PYY do ?
Increases satiety
produced in the intestines
Which hormone is released by white adipose and reduced in people with obesity ?
Adiponectin
reduced adiponectin - insulin resistance
Give an example of an amino acid that cannot be synthesised by a foetus so is received via the placenta ?
Cysteine
List 3 endocrine conditions that could cause obesity ?
Hypothyroidism
Cushing’s syndrome
Acromegaly
(Leptin receptor deficiency,)
List 2 medical treatments of obesity ?
Orlistat- Inhibits pancreatic lipase so that fat is not absorbed well
GLP-1 - a diabetic drug that also increases satiety
List 3 bariatric surgery procedures ?
Gastric banding
Sleeve Gastrectomy
Roux-en-Y bypass - bypass the first part of the duodenum and most of the stomach
What causes kwashiorkor ?
Protein deficiency
Bilateral pitting oedema, subcutaneous fat, hepatomegaly
What causes Marasmus ?
Low dietary carbohydrate, lipid and protein intake
Starved looking child, shrivelled, growth retardation, muscle wasting, no subcutaneous fat
What test can be used to confirm thiamine deficiency in Wernicke’s encephalopathy ?
RBC transketolase
Which disease presents with a characteristic pigmented rash known as “Casal’s necklace”
Pellagra (vit B3 deficiency)
Patient presents with dermatitis, dementia, diarrhoea and a pigmented rash around their neck in the shape of a necklace.
Most likely diagnosis ?
Pellagra
what are the water soluble vitamins
B1, B2, B6, B12, C, folate, B3
what does a B2 (riboflavin) deficiency cause
glossitis
what does a B6 (pyridoxine) deficiency cause
dermatitis/anaemia
what do excess vitamins A and D cause
A - exfoliation hepatitis
D - hypercalcaemia
what does excess vitamin B6 cause
neuropathy
what does excess vitamin C cause
renal stones
where are soluble vitamins stored
adipose tissue
what are the trace elements
iron iodine zinc copper fluoride
what does a zinc deficiency cause
dermatitis
what does a copper deficiency cause
anaemia
how can copper levels be measured
Cu
caeroplasmin
what is the role of insulin release on satiety
released after eating
causes the feeling of satiety
features of metabolic syndrome
increases the risk of obesity-related conditions
1 - fasting glucose >6.0mmol/l 2 - HDL men <1, women <1.3 3 - hypertension BP>135/80 4 - microalbumin, insulin resistance 5 - waist circumference m>102, w>88
deficiencies in Crohns
B12 and fat soluble vitamin deficiency
folate if on methotrexate
calcium, phosphate, mg, zinc if high output/chronic diarrhoea
deficiencies in coeliac disease
iron
ADEK
thiamine
vitamin B6
deficiencies in chronic liver disease
ADEK b12 selenium magnesium zinc folate
deficiencies in chronic kidney disease
protein energy wasting syndrome
deficiencies in pancreatic insufficiency
ADEK
