CHEMISTRY FINAL Flashcards
chemistry
study of molecules and matter
element
pure substance, only 1 atom type
chemical change
observes chemical change
physical change
observes w/o chemical change
chemical property
actual substance change
physical property
no substance change, just characteristics
K
kilo, 10 to 3rd
m
milli, 10 to -3rd
C
centi, 10 to -2nd
d
deci, 10 to -1st
mass
m, kilogram
length
l, meter
temperature
T, kelvin
mole
amount of substance, n and mol
density
mass + volume,
volume
length x width x height
scientific method
observing data, hypothesizing, testing, and theorizing
sig figs
0s only impt if btwn number, in front of number, or after of decimal point
precision
how close together group of measurements are
inversly proportional
xy = k, hyperbola
directly proportional
y =kx, linear
Democritus
thought matter couldn’t be divided indefinitely. Called the smallest part “atoms”, or atom.
Ernest Rutherford
“Gold Foil” experiment. Discovered that the atom is mostly empty space, with a positive nucleus
john dalton
Proposed the first modern Atomic Theory stating that atoms were solid and indivisible.
jj thomson
plum pudding, atoms are composite objects, made of pieces with positive and negative charge, and that the negatively charged electrons within the atom were very small
millikan
oil drop experiment, oil charged to mass ratio of electron
gold foil experiment
alpha particles shot thru gold foil to screen. it made 180 ==> discovering nucleus
cathode ray
glass tube electrocuted = gas glowed green, negatively
atomic number
is # of protons and nucleus, protons = electrons
mass numer
protons + neutrons, round to whole number
isotopes
atoms of same element but diff masses
average mass
- change % abundance
- multiply decimal by mass
- add answers
avogadru’s number
amount of atoms in a mole. 6.02 x 10 to 23rd
converting
g ==> mol ==> atoms
electromagnetic radiation
waves ==> wavelength
Electromagnetic spectrum
range of wavelengths and frequencies.
electrons
negative particles
wavelength
gymnast doing splits kinda meter, length of a wave
frequency
stretched out V waves per second, hertz
speed of light
3.00 x 10 to 8 mls
equations for speed of light
C = AV, A = C / V, V = C / A
planck
E = h v = 6.26 x 10 -34 J
heisenberg uncertainty principle
can’t know position and velocity of electron at same time
quantum numbers
principal = n and energy level 1-7
angular momentum
(sublevel)
principal
(energy level)
magnets
m, which orbital
spin, s
+-1/2
aufbau
lowest energy orbital
pauli
no 2 electrons have same set of quantum numbers
hund
electrons occupy empty orbitals before pairing
S = 0
1 orbital, 2 electrons
P = 1
3 orbitals, 6 electrons
D = 2
5 orbitals, 10 electrons
F = 3
7 orbitals, 19 electrons
shapes
linear, trigonal planar, tetrahedral, trigonal pyramidal, bent; molecular polarity; intermolecular attraction
