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My flashcards > Chemistry, Autumn 2022 > Flashcards

Chemistry, Autumn 2022 Flashcards

1
Q

What is located in the centre of the atom?

A

Nucleus

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2
Q

What surrounds the nucleus?

A

Electrons arranged in shells

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3
Q

What makes up the nucleus?

A

Protons and neutrons

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4
Q

What is the relative atomic mass/ram?

A

The number of protons and neutrons

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5
Q

What is the atomic number on the periodic table?

A

Number of protons or electrons

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6
Q

What is the mass number on the periodic table?

A

Relative atomic mass

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7
Q

What is the charge of a proton?

A

Positive

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8
Q

What is the charge of a neutron?

A

Neutral

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9
Q

What is the charge of an electron?

A

Negative

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10
Q

Where are the transition metals on the periodic table?

A

Between group 2 and 3

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11
Q

Do transition metals have a low or high melting point?

A

High melting point

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12
Q

How dense are transition metals?

A

High density

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13
Q

What can transition metals and their compounds act as?

A

Catalysts

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14
Q

How do catalysts affect the rate of reaction?

A

They speed it up without being used up in the reaction

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15
Q

What is ionic bonding?

A

When atoms lose/gain electrons to gain a full outer shell

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16
Q

What is the structure of an ionic bond?

A

Regular structure, alternating positive and negatives ions and giant ionic lattice.

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17
Q

Why are ionic bonds crystalline and solid at room temperature?

A

Because of its regular structure of alternating positive and negative ions

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18
Q

Why do ionic bonds have a high melting/boiling point?

A

Because there is a strong electrostatic force of attraction between positive and negative ions

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19
Q

When do ionic bonds conduct electricity and why?

A

When they’re molten/dissolved because ions are free to move

20
Q

What is covalent bonding?

A

Atoms share electrons

21
Q

Why is a simple covalent bond liquid or gas at room temp?

A

Because of the low boiling point caused by intermolecular forces that are easy to be overcome by heat.

22
Q

What is the structure of a simple covalent bond?

A

Simple molecular and small molecules

23
Q

What is the structure of a graphite covalent bond?

A

Giant covalent structure, layered and weak intermolecular forces holding the layers together.

24
Q

Why do graphite covalent bond conduct electricity?

A

Because one electron per atom is free to move and can carry electric charge.

25
Q

What is metallic bonding?

A

A lattice of positive ions surrounded by a sea of delocalised electrons.

26
Q

What is the structure of a metallic bond?

A

Layers of positive ions, in a sea of free electrons and a giant metallic structure

27
Q

What does malleable mean?

A

Can be hammered into shape

28
Q

What does ductile mean?

A

Can be drawn into wires

29
Q

Why are metallic bonds malleable and ductile?

A

Because it has layers that slide

30
Q

Why are metallic bonds strong and have a high melting point?

A

Because of the electrostatic attraction holding the structure together.

31
Q

Why do metallic bonds conduct heat and electricity?

A

Because the outer electrons are free to move and carry electrical charge.

32
Q

What is an ion?

A

An atom or molecule with charge

33
Q

Loss of electrons is…

A

positive

34
Q

Gain of electrons is…

A

negative

35
Q

What are electrolytes?

A

Ionic compounds that are in a molten state or dissolved in water so ions are free to move

36
Q

What is electrolysis?

A

Electrolysis is the decomposition of an electrolyte by an electric current. It is used to extract reactive metals from their ores.

37
Q

What is the charge of a cation?

A

Positive

38
Q

What is a charge of an anion?

A

Negative

39
Q

What happens at the cathode?

A

At the cathode, whether the hydrogen or metal is produced there depends on the position of the metal in the reactivity series.

40
Q

The metal is produced at the cathode if..

A

it is less reactive than hydrogen

41
Q

Hydrogen is produced at the cathode if…

A

the metal is more reactive than hydrogen.

42
Q

Metal reactivity series

A

Potassium, Sodium, Lithium, Calcium, Magnesium, Aluminium, Zinc, Iron, Tin, Lead, (Hydrogen), Copper, Silver, Gold

43
Q

What happens at the anode?

A

Oxygens are produced unless halide ions are present. Then the negative halide ions lose electrons and make the corresponding halogen.

44
Q

What are halide ions?

A

Ions of group 7

45
Q

What is an endothermic reaction?

A

Reactions that take thermal energy from its environment to proceed

46
Q

What is an exothermic reaction?

A

Reactions that release thermal energy

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